Environmental Fate and Ecotox Studies
Aguera, A., E. Almansa, S. Malato, M.I. Maldonado, A.R. Fernandez-Alba.
1998. Evaluation of photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid in industrial
water by GC-MS and LC-MS. Analusis
26(7): 245-251.
Alsayeda, H., S. Pascal-Lorber, C. Nallanthigal, L. Debauwer, F.
Laurent. 2008. Transfer of the insecticide 14C imidacloprid from soil to tomato
plants. Environ Chem Lett
6:229-234.
Anderson, C. 1991. Photodegradation of NTN 33893 in water. Yuki Institute,
Ibaraki, Japan. 128 pp. Miles
Report No. 101956. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
Anderson, J.P.E. 1995. Mineralization of
[imidazolidin-4,5-14C] NTN 33893 to 14CO2 in sterile and
microbiologically active samples of 2 agricultural soils. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.
6 pp. Report No. 107300. (Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
Armbrust, K.L. and H.B. Peeler. 2002. Effects of formulation on the
run-off of imidacloprid from turf. Pest Management
Science. 58:702-706.
Arora, P.K., G. Jyot, B. Singh, R.S. Battu, B. Singh, P.S. Aulakh.
2009. Persistence of imidacloprid on grape leaves, grape berries and soil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol.
82(2):239-242.
Bacey, J. 2000.
Environmental fate of imidacloprid. Environmental Monitoring and Pest Management Branch. Department of Pesticide Regulation,
California. www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/empm/pubs/fatememo/imid.pdf.
Bakker, F. and J.
Calis. 2003. A semi-field approach to testing effects of fresh or aged
pesticide residues on bees in multiple-rate test designs. Bull Insectol 56(1):97-102.
Baskaran, S., R.S.
Kookana, and R. Naidu. 1997. Determination of the insecticide imidacloprid in
water and soil using high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A
787(1-2):271-275.
Beedle,
E.C. and Harbin,A.M. 2011. Determination of residues of imidacloprid and its
metabolites 5‐ hydroxy
imidacloprid and imidacloprid olefin in bee relevant matricies collected from
cotton, grown at locations treated with imidacloprid at least once per year
during two consecutive years. Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Report Number: EBNTL056‐01.
Bernal, J., E. Garrido-Bailon, M.J. Del Nozal,
A.V. Gonzalez-Porto, R. Martin-Hernandez, J.C. Diego, J.J. Jimenez, J.L.
Bernal, M. Higes. 2010. Overview of pesticide residues in stored pollen and
their potential effect on bee colony (Apis
mellifera) losses in Spain. J Econ
Entomol. 103(6): 1964-71.
Bonmatin, J. M., I. Moineau, R. Charvet, C. Fleche, M. E. Colin, and E. R. Bengsch. 2003. A LC/APCI-MS/MS method for
analysis of imidacloprid in soil, in plants, and in pollens. Anal.
Chem. 75:2027–2033.
Bonmatin,
J.M., P.A. Marchand, R. Charvet, I. Moineua,
E.R. Bengsch, and M.E. Colin. 2005. Quantification of imidacloprid uptake in
maize crops. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:
5336–5341.
Brimble, S., P. Bacchus, and P.Y. Caux. 2005.
Pesticide utilization in Canada:
a compilation of current sales and use data. Environment Canada, Ottawa.
Byrtus,
G., A. Anderson, K. Saffran, G. Bruns, and L. Checknita. 2002. Determination of
new pesticides in Alberta’s
surface waters (1999-2000). The Water Research User Group, Alberta Environment. http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/water/reports/NewPesticidesInSurfaceWaters_1999_2000.pdf
Capri, E., M.G. Camisa, F. Flores-Céspedes, C.R.
Glass, E. Gonzalez-Pradas, and M. Trevisan. 2001. Imidacloprid and pyrimethanil
soil sorption. Agrononomie 21:57-64.
CEI (Cantox Environmental Inc.). 2003. Review on pesticide use research
and monitoring activities in the maritime region (Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island).
Marine Environmental Sciences Division, Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
Celis, R. and W.C. Koskinen. 1999. Characterization of pesticide
desorption from soil by the isotopic exchange technique. Soil Science America
Journal 63: 1659-1666.
Choo, H.Y., H.H. Kim, H.K. Kaya. 1998.
Effects of selected chemical pesticides on Agameris unka (Nematoda:
Mermiethidae), a parasite of the brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Biocontol Sci Technol 8(3): 413-427.
Clark, T., E. Kaußmann, E. Römer, and G.
Schepers. 1998. The fate of imidacloprid in tobacco smoke of cigarettes made
from imidacloprid-treated tobacco. Pestic.
Sci. 52: 119–125.
Claudianos, C. H. Ranson, R.M. Johnson, S. Biswas, M.A. Schuler, M.R.
Berenbaum, R. Feyereisen, J.G. Oakeshott. 2006. A deficit of detoxification
enzymes: pesticide sensitivity and environmental response in the honeybee. Insect Mol Biol. 15(5):615-636.
Cowles, R.S., M.E. Montgomery, CASJ Cheah. 2006. Activity and residues
of imidacloprid applied to soil and tree trunks to control hemlock woolly
adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in forests. J
Econ Entolmol 99(4): 1258-1267.
Cox, L. 1997a. Changes in sorption of imidacloprid with incubation
time. Bayer Corporation, Kansas City,
Missouri. Report No. 107685. 28
pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
Cox, L., W. Koskinen, and P.Yen. 1997b.
Sorption-desorption of imidacloprid and its metabolites in soils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45(4): 1468–1472.
Cox, L., W.C. Koskinen, and P.Y. Yen. 1997c. Sorption-desorption of
imidacloprid and its metabolites in soils. J.
Agric. Food Chem. 45(4):1468-1472.
Cox, L., W. Koskinen, and P. Yen. 1998a.
Changes in sorption of imidacloprid with incubation time. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62(2): 342–347.
Cox, L., W. Koskinen, R. Celis, P. Yen, M.
Hermosin, and J. Cornejo. 1998b. Sorption of imidacloprid on soil clay mineral
and organic components. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62(4): 911–915.
Cox, L., W. Koskinen, and P. Yen. 1998c.
Influence of soil properties on sorption-desorption of imidacloprid. J. Environ. Sci. Health. B33(2):
123–134.
Cox, L., W.C. Koskinen, and P.Y. Yen. 1998d. Influence of soil
properties on sorption-desorption of imidacloprid. J. Environ. Sci. Health B33(2): 123-134.
Dikshit A.K., D.C. Pachauri, and T. Jindal. 2003.
Maximum residue limit and risk assessment of betacyfluthrin and imidacloprid on
tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.
70:1143-1150.
Dilling,
C., P. Lambdin, J. Grant and R. Rhea. 2010. Spatial and temporal distribution
of
imidacloprid
in eastern hemlock in the southern Appalachians. J. Econ. Entomol. 103(2):
368-373
Donnarumma, L., P. Pulcini, D. Pochi, S.
Rosati, L. Lusco, and E. Conte. 2011. Preliminary study on persistence in soil
and residues in maize of imidacloprid. J.
Environ Sci Health 46(6): 469-72.
Drobne,
D. Blazic, M. Gestel, C. A. M. van Leser, V. Zidar, P. Jemec and A. Trebse, P.
2008.
Toxicity
of imidacloprid to the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (Isopoda,
Crustacea)
Chemosphere. 71: (7) 1326-1334
Elbert, A., B. Becker, J. Hartwig, and C. Erdelen. 1991. Imidacloprid-a new systemic
insecticide. Pflanzenschutz-Nachr. Bayer 44:113–136.
ENKON
Environmental Limited. 2001. Survey of Pesticide Use in British Columbia : 1999.
Environment Canada. 2005. Toxicity testing
using imidacloprid: inland silverside test report. Prepared by Stantec Inc. for
the National Guidelines and Standards Office, Environment Canada. Ottawa.
Environment Canada. 2006 (Draft). Presence,
levels and relative risks of priority pesticides in selected Canadian aquatic
ecosystems. Summary of 2003-2005 surveillance results. Prepared by Cantox
Environmental for the National Water Quality Monitoring Office, Environment Canada, Ottawa.
Environment
Canada.
2006. BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Surrey, British Columbia.
Felsot A.S. and Ruppert, J.R. 2002. Imidacloprid
residues in Willapa Bay (Washington
State) water and sediment
following application for control of burrowing shrimp. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 50(15):4417-4423.
Felsot, A.S., W. Cone, J. Yu, and J.R.
Ruppert. 1998. Distribution of imidacloprid in soil following subsurface drip
chemigation. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
60:363–370.
Felsot, A.S., W.
Cone, J. Yu, and J.R. Ruppert. 1998. Distribution of imidacloprid in soil
following subsurface drip chemigation. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 60:363-370.
Fernandez-Bayo, J.D., R. Nogales, E. Romero. 2008.
Evaluation of the sorption process for imidacloprid and diuron in eight
agricultural soils from southern Europe using various kinetic models. J Agric Food Chem. 56:5266-5272.
Fernandez-Perez, M., E. Gonzalez-Pradas, M.D.
Urena-Amate. 1998. Controlled release of imidacloprid from a lignin matrix:
Water release kinetics and soil mobility study. J Agric Food Chem. 46:3828-3834.
Fischer
D. and T. Moriarty. 2011. Pesticide risk
assessment for pollinators: summary of a SETAC Pellston Workshop. Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), Pensacola
Flores-Cespedes, F., E
Gonzalez-Pradas, M. Fernandez-Perez, M. Villafranca-Sanchez, M. Socias-Viciana,
and M.D. Urena-Amate. 2002.
Effects of dissolved organic carbon on sorption and mobility of imidacloprid in
soil. J. Environ. Qual. 31:880-888.
Flores-Céspedes, F., E. González-Pradas, M.
Fernández-Pérez, M. Villafranca-Sánchez, M. Socías-Viciana, and M.D.
Ureña-Amate. 2002. Effects of dissolved organic carbon on sorption and mobility
of imidacloprid in soil. J.
Environ. Qual. 31: 880–888.
Fritz, R. and A. Brauner. 1988. Leaching behaviour of
NTN 33893 aged in soil. Miles Report No. 99635. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.
45 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
Fritz,
R., and E. Hellpointner. 1991. Degradation of pesticides under anaerobic
conditions in the water/sediment system: imidacloprid. Miles Report No. 101346.
Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany. 69 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye
1995)
Giroux, I. 2003. Contamination de
l’eau souterraine par les pesticides et les nitrates dans les régions en
culture de pommes de terre. Campagne d’échantillonnage de 1999-2000-2001.
Direction de suivi de l’état de l’environnement, Ministère de l’Environnement,
Gouvernement du Québec, Québec. www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/pesticides/pomme_terre/Pesticides_pomme_terre.pdf
Gonzalez-Pradas, E., M.D. Urena-Amate, F.
Flores-Cespedes, M. Fernandez-Perez, J. Garratt, and R. Wilkins. 2002. Leaching
of imidacloprid and procymidone in a greenhouse of southeast of Spain. SSAJ. 66:1821-1828.
Goring, C.A.I., D.A. Laskowski, J.H. Hamaker, and R.W. Meikle. 1975.
Principles of pesticide degradation in soil. In: Haque, R. and V.H.
Freed, eds. Environmental dynamics of pesticides. pp 135 – 172. Plenum
Press, New York.
(Cited in Mulye 1995)
Guay, I. 1998. Recommandation de critères de qualité de l’eau pour
l’imidacloprid pour la protection de la vie aquatique. Direction du suivi de
l’état de l’environnement, Service des avis et des expertises, Ministère de
l’Environnement du Québec, Québec.
Gupta, S., V.T. Gajbhiye, and N.P. Agnihotri.
2002. Leaching behavior of imidacloprid formulations in soil. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 68:
502–508.
Gupta, S., V.T. Gajbhiye, R.K. Gupta. 2008. Soil dissipation and
leaching behavior of a neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam. Bull
Environ Contam Toxicol. 80:431-437.
Heim, D., Z. Yan, and P.P. Halarnkar. 1996. Anaerobic aquatic
biotransformation of [pyridinyl-14C-methyl] imidacloprid at 5oC.
Bayer Corporation, Kansas City,
Missouri. Report No. 107546. 138
pp.
Heimbach and Hendel. 2001. Unpublished study. Bayer
CropScience AG, Monheim am Rhein,
Germany. (Cited
in Krohn and Hellpointner 2002)
Hellpointner, E. 1994a. Degradation and translocation of
imidacloprid under field conditions on a lysimeter. Bayer AG, Leverkusen-Bayerwerk, Germany.
Report No. 106426. 74 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1996)
Hellpointner, E. 1994b. Degradation and translocation of
imidacloprid under field conditions on a lysimeter: amendment to the original
report. Bayer AG, Leverkusen-Bayerwerk,
Germany. Report
No. 106426-1. 42 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1996)
Henneböle, J. 1998. Aerobic metabolism of
imidacloprid, 14C-NTN 33893, in an aquatic model ecosystem under xenon
light and sunlight conditions. Bayer AG, Institute for Metabolism Research and
Residue Analysis, Leverkusen-Bayerwerk,
Germany. Report
No. PF 4337.
Hoffmann,
E.J. and S.J. Castle. 2012. Imidacloprid in melon guttation fluid: a potential
mode of exposure for pest and beneficial organisms. J Econ Entomol. 105(1): 67‐71.
Júnior, R.P.S., J.H. Smelt, J.J.T.I. Boesten,
R.F.A. Hendriks, and S.E.A.T.M. van der Zee. 2004. Preferential flow of
bromide, bentazon, and imidacloprid in a dutch clay soil. J. Environ. Qual. 33: 1473–1486.
Karmakar,
R., S.B. Singh, G. Kulshrestha. 2006. Persistence and transformation of
thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid insecticide in soil of different agroclimatic
zones of India. Bull Environ Contam
Toxicol. 76:400-406.
Karmakar,
R., R. Bhattacharya, and G. Kulshrestha. 2009. Comparative metabolite profiling
of the insecticide thiamethoxam in plant and cell suspension culture of tomato.
J Agric Food Chem. 57:6369-6374.
Kennedy, J.M. and R.E. Talbert. 1977. Comparative
persistence of dinitroaniline type herbicides on the soil surface. Weed Science 25: 373-381. (Cited in Mulye
1995)
Koch,
H. and P. Weißer. 1997. Exposure of honey bees during pesticide application
under field
conditions. Apidologie. 28: 439‐447.
König, T. 1997. Method for the determination of
imidacloprid in water by LC-MS-MS with solid phase extraction. Bayer AG, Crop
Protection-Development, Institute for Metabolism Research and Residue Analysis,
Monheim, Germany. 19 pp.
Krohn,
J. 1989. Water solubility of NTN 33893. Miles report No. 99859. Bayer AG, Wuppertal-Elberfeld, Germany. 10 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye
1995)
Krohn,
J. 1996a. Water solubility and partition coefficient of desnitro compound.
Bayer Corporation, Kansas City,
Missouri. Report No. 107676.
(Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
Krohn,
J. 1996b. Water solubility and partition coefficient of urea compound. Bayer
Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri. Report No. 107677. 15 pp.
(Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
Krohn, J. and E. Hellpointner. 2002. Environmental
fate of imidacloprid. Pflanzenshutz-Nachrichten
Bayer 55: 1–26.
Li, K. and Q.X. Li. 2000. Development of an
enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay for the insecticide imidacloprid. J Agric Food Chem. 48:3378-3382.
Liu, S., Z. Zheng, F. Wei, Y. Ren, W. Gui, H. WU, G. Zhu.
2010. Simultaneous determination of seven neonicotinoid residues in food by
ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem. 58:3271-3278.
Lückmann,
J., Hofmann, S., Munderle, M.; et al. 2010 Field survey on guttation of maize
seedlings under agronomic use conditions in Austria and assessment of the relevance
of guttation fluid for honey bees: Final Report. Project Number: M/355018/02/1,
R09105, EBTIL065. Unpublished study prepared by RIFCon GmbH. 251 p. (MRID
479753‐01)
Maus,
C., C. Anderson and L. Doering, 2004. Determination of the residue levels of imidacloprid
and its relevant metabolites in nectar, pollen and other plant material of Horse
Chestnut Trees (Aesculus hippocastanum) after trunk injection application and sampling
2001. Project Number: MAUS/AM023, E/370/2057/4. Unpublished study prepared by
Bayer CropScience. 27.
McCall,
P.J., D.A. Laskowski, R.L. Swann, and H.J. Dishburger. 1981. Measurement of
sorption coefficients of organic chemicals and their use in environmental fate
analysis. In: Test protocols for environmental fate and movement of
toxicants. Proceedings of a symposium. Pages 89 – 109. Association of
Official Analytical Chemists. 94th Annual Meeting, October 21 – 22,
1980. Washington, DC. (Cited in Mulye 1997a)
McGee,
B., H. Berges, and K. Callow. 2004. Survey of pesticide use in Ontario, 2003:
Estimates of pesticides used on field crops, fruit and vegetable crops, and
other agricultural crops. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Guelph, Ontario.
MENVIQ (Ministère de l’Environnement du Québec). 1990 (rév. 1992).
Méthodologie de calcul de critères de qualité de l’eau pour les substances
toxiques. Service d’évaluation des rejets toxiques, Direction de l’expertise
scientifique, Ministère de l’Environnement du Québec, Québec. 147 p.
Miles, Inc. 1992. Premise termiticide -
Environmental fate: Terrestrial field dissipation for California site. Volume No. 51950–0032.
Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento,
CA.
Miles, Inc. 1992. Premise termiticide -
Environmental fate: Terrestrial field dissipation for California site. Volume No. 51950–0032.
Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento,
CA.
Miles, Inc. 1993a. NTN 33893 (imidacloprid) -
Environmental fate summary. Volume No. 51950–0113. Department of Pesticide
Regulation, Sacramento, CA.
Mineau,
P., K. M. Harding, M. Whiteside, M. H. Fletcher, D. Garthwaite, and L. D.
Knopper. 2008. Using reports of bee mortality in the field to calibrate
laboratory‐derived
pesticide risk indices. Environ Entomol
37(2): 546 – 554.
MMPP
(Manitoba’s Management Plus Program). 2003. Regional pesticide usage analysis
(2001-2004). Manitoba Rural Adaptation
Council, Manitoba
Agriculture and Food, and Manitoba Crop Insurance Corporation. http://www.mmpp.com/Home_Page.htm Accessed: September 2004.
Mobay Chemical Corp. 1992. Premise
termiticide - Environmental fate: Hydrolysis; Aqueous and soil photolysis.
Volume No. 51950–0027. Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA.
Mobay Chemical Corp. 1992. Premise
termiticide - Environmental fate: Hydrolysis; Aqueous and soil photolysis.
Volume No. 51950–0027. Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA.
Moza, P.N., K. Hustert, E. Feicht, and A.
Kettrup. 1998. Photolysis of imidacloprid in aqueous solution. Chemosphere. 36(3): 497–502.
Mukherjee, I. and M. Gopal. 2000. Environmental behaviour and
translocation of imidacloprid in eggplant, cabbage and mustard. Pest Management Science 56: 932-936
Murphy,
C and Mutch, J.. 2005. Multimedia Pesticide Monitoring Programs in Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick
and Nova Scotia.
Year 1 and Year 2 (2003/04, 04/05) Progress Report, Environment Canada and Prince Edward
Department of
Environment, Energy and Forestry.
Murphy,C.,
J.P. Mutch, D. Reeves, T. Clark, S. Lavoie, H. Rees, L. Chow, L-A. Nunn, and D.
Hebb. 2006. Multi-media pesticide monitoring programs in Prince
Edward Island, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Final
Project Report of 3-year monitoring program, 2003/04 – 2005/06. Environment Canada, Environmental Protection Branch, Charlottetown.
Nauen,
R., U. Ebbinghaus-Kintsher, V.L. Salgado, and M. Laussmann. 2003. Thiamethoxam
is a neonicotinoid precursor converted to clothianidin in insects and plants. Pest Biochem Physiol. 76: 55-69.
Nemeth-Konda,
L., G. Füleky, G. Morovjan, and P. Csokan. 2002. Sorption behaviour of
acetochlor, atrazine, carbendazim, diazinon, imidacloprid and isoproturon on
Hungarian agricultural soil. Chemosphere
48: 545-552.
Oi, M. 1999. Time-dependent sorption of
imidacloprid in two different soils. J.
Agric. Food Chem. 47: 327–332.
Papiernik,
S.K., W. C. Koskinen, L. Cox, P.J. Rice, S. A. Clay, N. R. Werdin-Pfisterer, K.
A. Norberg. 2006. Sorption-desorption of imidacloprid and its metabolites in
soil and vadose zone materials. J Agric Food Chem. 54:8163-8170.
Peterson, C.J. 2007.
Imidacloprid mobility and longevity in soil columns at a termiticidal
application rate. Pest Mangement Science, 63(11):1124-1132.
Pettis,
J. S. and K. S. Delaplane. 2010. Coordinated responses to honey bee deline in
the USA. Apidologie. 41: 256‐ 263).
Pham‐Delègue M. and A. Bonjean.
1983. La pollinisation du tournesol en production de semence
hybride,
Bull. Tech. Agric. 10, 211–218
Phillips, P.J. and R. W. Bode. 2002. Concentrations
of pesticides and pesticide degradates in the Croton River Watershed in Southeastern New York, July-September 2000. [Online].
Available at
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri024063/wrir02-4063.pdf..
USGS-NY, Troy, NY.
Philpot, J.D. and P.Y.
Yen. 1998a. Terrestrial field dissipation of imidacloprid on bare loam soil in Ontario, Canada,
1994. Bayer Report No. 107819. 265 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1999)
Philpot, J.D. and P.Y.
Yen. 1998b. Terrestrial field dissipation of imidacloprid on potatoes in Prince Edward Island, Canada, 1994. Bayer Report No.
107820. 264 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1999)
Philpot, J.D. and P.Y.
Yen. 1998c. Terrestrial field dissipation of imidacloprid on turf in Ontario, Canada,
1994. Bayer Report No. 107817. 419 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1999)
Philpot, J.D. and P.Y.
Yen. 1998d. Terrestrial field dissipation of imidacloprid on turf in British Columbia, Canada, 1995. Bayer Report No.
107821. 206 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1999)
Ping,
L. C., Zhang, Y. Zhu, M. Wu, F. Dai, X. Hu, H. Zhao and Z. Li. 2010.
Imidacloprid
adsorption
by soils treated with humic substances under different pH and temperature
conditions. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(13), pp.
1935-1940
.
Pirard, C., J. Widart, B.K. Nguyen, C. Deleuze, L. Heudt, E. Haubruge, E.
De Pauw, J.F. Focant. Development
and validation of a multi-residue method for pesticide determination in honey
using on-column liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass
spectrometry. J. Chromatography. 1152:116-123.
PMU (Pesticide Management
Unit). 2005. Sales 2003 Report for Pesticides. Prepared for New Brunswick
Department of the Environment and Local Government.
PubChem
Substance. 2005. National Centre of Biotechnology Information Access (NCBI).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pcsubstance
Ratte, H.T.,
and U. Memmert. 2003. Biological effects and fate of imidacloprid SL 200 in
outdoor microcosm ponds. Bayer AG, Crop Protection, Leverkusen, Germany.
Report No. 811776.
Redlich,
D., N. Shahin, P. Ekici, A. Friess, H. Parlar. 2007. Kinectical study of the
photoinduced degradation of imidacloprid in aquatic media. Clean. 35(5):452-458.
Rice,
F., D. Judy, D. Koch, and K. Cain. 1991. Terrestrial field dissipation for NTN
33893 in Minnesota
soil. ABC Laboratories, Inc., Columbia,
MO. 510 pp. Miles Report No.
101988. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
Rouchaud, J.,
F. Gustin, and A. Wauters. 1994. Soil Biodegradation and Leaf Transfer of
Insecticide Imidacloprid Applied in Seed Dressing in Sugar Beet Crops. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 53:
344-350.
Rouchaud, J., F. Gustin, and A. Wauters.
1996. Imidacloprid insecticide soil metabolism in sugar beet field crops. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 56: 29–36.
Rouchaud, J., A.
Thirion, A. Wauters, F. Van de Steene, F. Benoit, N. Ceustermans, J. Gillet, S.
Marchand, and L. Vanparys. 1996. Effects of fertilizer on insecticide
adsorption and biodegradation in crop soils. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 31(1): 98–106.
Sabbagh, G.J.,
M.F. Lenz, J.M. Fisher, and E.L. Arthur. 2002. Significance of binding on
imidacloprid degradation in soils, and effects of soil characteristics on
imidacloprid adsorption capacity. Report No. 200327. Bayer CropScience,
Stilwell, Kansas.
Sanchez-Bayo, F. and K. Goya. 2006. Influence
of light in acute toxicity bioassays of imidacloprid and zinc pyrithione to
zooplankton crustaceans. Aquat Toxicol
78(3): 262-271.
Sarkar, M., P. Biswas, S.
Roy, R. Kole, and A. Chowdhury. 1999. Effect of pH and type of
formulation on the persistence of imidacloprid in water. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 63(5): 604–609.
Sarkar,
M.A., S. Roy, R.K. Kole, A. Chowdhury. 2001.
Persistence and metabolism of imidacloprid in different soils of West Bengal. Pest
Manage Sci. 57(7):598-602.
Schad,
T. 2001. Calculation of temperature referenced first order DT50 of
imidacloprid based on field dissipation studies conducted in Europe.
Internal Report Bayer AG, Leverkusen.
Scholz, K. 1991. Degradation of NTN 33893 in soil
under vegetation. Bayer AG, Leverkusen,
Germany. Report
No 103202. 83 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
Scholz, K. and M. Spiteller. 1992. Influence
of groundcover on the degradation of 14C-imidacloprid in soil. Proc.
Brighton Crop Protection Conference – Pests and Dis. 883–888.
Schoning, R. and R. Schumck. Bayer. 2003. Analytical
determination of imidacloprid and relevant metabolite residues by LC MS/MS. Bull Insectol. 56(1):41-50.
Schuette, J., J. Troiano, M. Pepple, and J.
Dias. 2004. 2004 Update of the Well Inventory Database. [Online]. Available at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/empm/pubs/ehapreps/eh0404.pdf.
CDPR, Sacramento, CA.
Segawa, R. and J. Walters. 2002. Preliminary
Monitoring Results of Imidacloprid Applications for Glassy-winged Sharpshooter
Control in Residential Areas of Santa Clara County. [Online]. Available at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/gwss/r101602.pdf. CDPR, Sacramento,
CA.
Segawa, R., J. Walters, and S. Fan. 2004.
Preliminary Monitoring Results of Imidacloprid and Cyfluthrin Applications for
Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter Control in a Residential Area of Solano County.
[Online]. Available at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/gwss/gwss091704.pdf.
CDPR, Sacramento, CA.
SFOPH (Swiss Federal Office of Public Health). 2005.
GS Toxic Substances List. July 2005 edition.
Shimomura,
M., H. Okuda, K. Matsuda, K. Komai, M. Akamatsu, and D.B. Sattelle. 2002. Loops
D and F of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their role in neonicotinoid
sensitivity. Poster presentation. http://nara-kindai.unv.jp/02gakka/03ouyou/web-content/gyoseki/shimomura.pdf.
Shippers, N., W.
Schwack. 2008. Photochemistry of imidacloprid in model systems. J Agric Food Chem. 56: 8023-8029.
Škerl,
M.I.S, S.V. Bolta, H.B. Česnik, H.B. and
A. Gregorc. 2009. Residues of pesticides in honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica)
bee bread and in pollen loads from treated apple orchards. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 83: 374‐377.
Spiteller, M. 1993.
Aerobic metabolism of imidacloprid, 14C-NTN 33893, in an aquatic
model ecosystem. Bayer AG, Institute for Metabolism Research, Leverkusen-Bayerwerk, Germany.
Report No. PF 3950.
Staedtler,
T. 2009. Determination of residue levels of clothianidin and its metabolites
TZMU and TZNG in pollen harvested from maize plants grown in commercial
practice from Poncho Pro® dressed seeds (nominally 1.25 mg clothianidin/seed)
in the Upper Rhine Valley in Germany. Bayer CropScience. Report No. R08188‐2.
Starner, K. and KS
Goh. 2012. Detections of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in surface
waters of three agricultural regions of California, USA, 2010-2011.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88(3): 316-21.
Stephan, C.E., D.I.
Mount, D.J. Hansen, J.H. Gentile, G.A. Chapman and W.A. Brungs. 1985.
Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the
protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. PB85-227049.
Stevens, J. and P.P.
Halarnkar. 1996. Aerobic aquatic (water only) biotransformation of [pyridinyl-14C-methyl]
imidacloprid at 22oC. Bayer Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri.
Report No. 107547. 171 pp.
Stoner, K.A., B.D.
Eitzer. 2012. Movement of soil-applied imidacloprid and thiamethoxam into
nectar and pollen of squash (Cucurbita pepo).
PLoS One. 7(6): e39114. Epub
2012 Jun 27.
Struger, J., T.
Fletcher, P. Martos, B. Ripley, and G. Gris. 2002. Pesticide concentrations in
the Don and Humber River Watersheds (1998-2000). Environment Canada, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, and
City of Toronto.
21 pp.
Szolderits,
M..J. and K. Crailsheim. 1993. A comparison of pollen consumption and digestion
in honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica)
drones and workers. J. insect Physiol.
39 (10): 877‐881.
Tisler,
T., A. Jemec, B. Mozetic, P. Trebse. 2009. Hazard identification of
imidacloprid to aquatic environment. Chemosphere.
76:907-914.
Tornier, I., A.
Kling, A. Schur. Honey bee testing in Southern Europe:
from the laboratory to the relevant crop in the field. Bull Insectol. 56(1):185-187.
Uneme, H. 2011. Chemistry of clothianidin and related
compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 59(7):
2932-7.
U.S. EPA (United States
Environmental Protection Agency). 1975. Chemodynamic parameters – partition
coefficient. Guidelines for registering pesticides in the United States.
40 FR 123: 26880.
U.S. EPA (United States
Environmental Protection Agency). 1995. Imidacloprid (NTN); Pesticide
Tolerances and a Feed Additive Regulation. 40 CFR Parts 180 and 186.August 30,
1995 60(168). http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/1995/August/Day-30/pr-392.html
U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection
Agency). 2005. Pesticide Fate Database. Environmental Fate and Effects Division
of the Office of Pesticide Programs. http://cfpub.epa.gov/pfate/home.cfm
Vilchez, J.L., R.
El-Khattabi, J. Fernandez, A. Gonzalez-Casado, and A. Navalon. 1996.
Determination of imidacloprid in water and soil samples by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal
of Chromatography A 746(2): 289-294.
Vilchez, J.L., R.
El-Khattabi, R. Blanc, and A. Navalon. 1998. Photochemical-fluorimetric method
for the determination of the insecticide imidacloprid in water samples. Analytica Chimica Acta 371(2-3):
247-253.
Weichel, L., R. Nauen. 2003. Uptake,
translocation, and bioavailability of imidacloprid in several hop varieties. Pest Manage Sci. 60(5): 440-446.
Wamhoff, H. and V. Schneider. 1999.
Photodegradation of imidacloprid. J.
Agric. Food Chem. 47(4): 1730–1734.
Williard,
T.R. 2012. Thiamethoxam Magnitude of Residues in Leaves and Flowers from Tomato
in California. Final Report. Syngenta Crop Protection. Report Number TK0025811.
Wilmes, R. 1988.
Range-finding tests for abiotic degradation. Miles Report No. 94366. Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany.
11 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
Wohlers, K. 1988.
Dissociation constant of NTN 33893. Miles Report No. 99863. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.
4 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
Yoshida, H. 1989.
Hydrolysis of NTN 33893. Yuki Institute, Ibaraki, Japan. 34 pp. Miles Report No. 99708. (Reviewed in Mulye
1995)
Zhao, X., X. Shao, Z.
Zou, X. XU. 2010. Photodegradation of novel nitromethylene neonicotinoids with
tetrahydropyridine-fixed cis configuration in aqueous solution. J Agric Food Chem. 58:2746-2754.
Zheng, W. and W. Liu. 1999. Kinetics and
mechanism of the hydrolysis of imidacloprid. Pestic. Sci. 55(4):482–485.
Ecotoxicity Studies for Other Non-target Organisms
Abou-Donia, M.B., L.B. Goldstein,
S. Bullman, T. Tu, W.A. Khan, A.M. Dechkovkaia, and A.A. Abdel-Rahman. 2008.
Imidacloprid induces neurobehavioral deficits and increases expression of glial
fibrillary acidic protein in the motor cortex and hippocampus in offspring rats
following in utero exposure. J
Toxicol Environ Health 71(2):119-30.
Albajes, R., C. López, and X.
Pons. 2003. Predatory fauna in cornfields and response to imidacloprid seed
treatment. J. Econ. Entomol. 96(6):
1805–1813.
Alexander,
A.C. 2006. Sublethal effects of imidacloprid on mayflies and oligochaetes.
M.Sc. thesis. University of New Brunswick, Fredericton. http://dspace.hil.unb.ca:8080/handle/1882/43620.
Araki, Y., W. Bornatsch, A. Brauner, T. Clark, G. Dräger, S. Kurogochi, H. Sakamato, and K. Vogeler. 1994. Metabolism of imidacloprid in
plants. Proc. IUPAC Congress, Wash. 2B:157.
Avery, M.L., D.G.
Decker, and D.L. Fischer. 1994. USDA/Bayer study. Cage and flight pen
evaluation of avian repellency and hazard associated with imidacloprid-treated
rice seed. Crop Protection.
13(7):535-540.
Avery, M.L., D.G.
Decker, D.L. Fischer, and T.R. Stafford. 1993. USDA/Bayer study. Responses of
captive blackbirds to a new insecticidal seed treatment. Journal of Wildlife Management. 57(3):652-656.
Avery, M.L., D.L.
Fischer and T.M. Primus. 1997. USDA/Bayer study. Assessing the hazard to
granivorous birds feeding on chemically treated seeds. Pesticide Science 49(4):362-366.
Bal, R, G. Türk, O. Yılmaz, E. Etem, T. Kuloğlu, G. Baydaş, M. Naziroğlu. 2012. Effects of clothianidin
exposure on sperm quality, testicular apoptosis and fatty acid composition in
developing male rats. Cell Biochem Funct
28(3): 187-200.
Bal, R, M. Naziroğlu, G. Türk, O.Yilmaz, T. Kuloğlu, E. Etem, G. Baydas. 2012. Insecticide imidacloprid induces
morphological and DNA damage through oxidative toxicity on the reproductive
organs of developing male rats. Cell
Biochem Funct. Doi:10.1002/cbf.2826.
Beketov, M.A. and M. Liess.
2008. Acute and delayed effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid on
seven freshwater arthropods. Environ Tox.
28:461-470.
Beketov, M.A. and M. Liess.
2008. Potential of 11 pesticides to initiate downstream drift of stream macroinvertebrate.
Archives of Environ Contam Tox. 55:247-253.
Benzidane, Y. S. Touinsi, E. Motto, A. Jadas-Hecart, PY Communal, L.
Leduc, SH Thany. 2010. Effect of thiamethoxam on cockroach locomotor activity
is associated with its metabolite clothianidin. Pest Manag Sci. 66(12): 1351-9.
Boiteau, G., W.P.L. Osborn. 1997. Behavioral effects of imidacloprid, a
new nicotinyl insecticide, on the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas
) (Homoptera aphididae). Canadian
Entomologist. March/April 1997. 241-249.
Bostanian, N.J., Hardman,
J.M., Ventard, E. and Racette, G., 2005, The intrinsic toxicity of several
neonicotinoids to Lygus lineolaris and Hyaliodes vitripennis, a phytophagous and
a predacious mired. Pest Manag Sci.
61: 991-996.
Boucias, D.G., C. Stokes, G. Storey, and J.C. Pendiand. 1996. The
effects of imidacloprid on the termite Reticulitermes flavipes and its
interaction with the mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer. 49(2): 103-144.
Bowers, L.M. 1996a. Toxicity of NTN 33893 2F to the blue-green alga Anabaena
flos-aquae. Bayer Corporation, Kansas
City, Missouri.
Report No. 107549. 31 pp.
Bowers, L.M. 1996b.
Acute toxicity of 14C-NTN 33838 to Chironomus tentans under static
conditions. Bayer Corporation, Kansas
City, Missouri.
Report No. 107316. (Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
Bowers, L.M. and C.V. Lam. 1998. Acute toxicity of 6-chloronicotinic
acid (a metabolite of imidacloprid) to Chironomus tentans under static
renewal conditions. Bayer Report No 108127. (Reviewed in Mulye 1999)
Bowman, J. and J.
Bucksath. 1990a. Acute toxicity of NTN 33893 to bluegill (Lepomis
macrochirus). Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, Missouri
(performing laboratory). Mobay Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri
(submitting laboratory). 31 pp. Mobay Project ID: Report No. 100348.
Bowman, J. and J. Bucksath. 1990b. Acute toxicity of NTN 33893 to
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Analytical Bio-Chemistry
Laboratories, Inc., Columbia,
Missouri (performing laboratory).
Mobay Corporation, Kansas City,
Missouri (submitting laboratory).
29 pp. Mobay Project ID: Report No. 100349.
Brown, L.A., M. Ihara, S.D. Buckingham, K. Matsuda, D.B. Sattelle.
2006. Neonicotinoid insecticides display partial and super agonist actions on
native insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Neurochem. 99: 608-615.
Brunner, J.F., J.E. Dunley, M.D. Doerr, and E.H.
Beers. 2001. Effects of pesticides on Colpoclypeus
florus (Hymernoptera: Eulophidae) and Trichogramma
platneri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), parasitoids of leafrollers in Washington. J Econ Entomol 94(5): 1075-1084.
Bullock, R.C., R.R.
Pelosi. 1993. Toxicity of imidacloprid to selected arthrodpods in the citrus greenhouse
and grove. Proc Fla St Hort Soc, 106,
pp. 42-47.
Byrne, F.J. and N.C. Toscano. 2007. Lethal toxicity of systemic
residues of imidacloprid against Homalodisca vitripennis (Homoptera:
Cicadellidae) eggs and its parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi (Hymenoptera:
Mymaridae). Biol Control 43:130-135.
Calderón-Segura, ME, S. Gómez-Arroyo, R. Villalobos-Pietrini, C. Martínez-Valenzuela, Y. Carbajal-López, M. Del Carmen Calderón-Ezquerro,
J.Cortés-Eslava, R. García-Martínez, D. Flores-Ramírez, M..Isabel Rodríguez-Romero, P. Méndez-Pérez, E. Bañuelos-Ruíz. 2012. Evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic
effects in human blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to neonicotinoid
insecticides. J. Toxicol. doi:
1155/2012/612647.
Canadian Water
Quality Guidelines Imidacloprid. 2007. Scientific Supporting Document. Canadian
Council of Ministers of the Environment.
(terrestrial toxicity section – birds)
http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/imidacloprid_ssd_1388.pdf.
Capowiez, Y., M. Rault, C. Mazzia, L. Belzunces. 2003. Earthworm
behaviour as a biomarker – a case study using imidacloprid. Pedobiologia. 47:542-547.
Capowiez, Y., M. Rault, G. Costagliola, and C. Mazza. 2005. Lethal and
sublethal effects of imidacloprid on two earthworm species. Biol Fertil Soils 41(3): 135-143.
Capowiez, Y., F. Bastardie, and G. Costagliola. 2006. Sublethal effects
of imidacloprid on the burrowing behavior of two earthworm species:
Modifications of the 3-D burrow systems in artificial cores and consequences on
gas diffusion in soil. Soil Biol Biochem
38:
Capowiez, Y., A. Berard. Assessment of the effects of imidacloprid on
the behavior of two earthworm species (Aporrectodea
nocturna and Allolobophora icterica)
using 2D terraria. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
64(2): 198-206.
Chen
XD, E. Culbert, V. Hebert, JD Stark. 2010. Mixture effects of the nonylphenyl polyethoxylate,
R-11 and the insecticide, imidacloprid on population growth rate and other
parameters of the crustacean,
Ceriodaphnia dubia. Ecotoxicol
Environ Saf 73:132–137
Cloyd, R.A. and J.A. Bethke. 2011.
Impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on natural enemies in greenhouse
and interiorscape environments. Pest
Manag Sci. 67: 3-9.
Cohen, H., A.R. Horowitz,
D.Nestel, D. Rosen. 1996. Susceptibility of the woolly apple aphid parasitoid, Aphelinus mali (hym.: aphelinidae), to
common pesticides used in apple orchards in Israel. Entomophaga. 41:225-233.
Cohle, P. and J. Bucksath 1991. Early Life Stage Toxicity of NTN 33893
Technical to Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a Flow-Through
System. Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, Missouri
(performing laboratory). Mobay Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri
(submitting company). Report Number 101214. 85 pp.
D’Amour, K.A. and
J.E. Casia. 1999. Desnitroimidacloprid and nicotine binding site in rat
recombinant a4b2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Pest Biochem Physiol 64:55-61.
Delbeke, E., P. Vercruysse,
L. Tirry, P. de Clercq,D. Degheele. 1997.
Toxicity of diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid and diafenthiuron to the
predatory bug Orius laevigatus (het.:
anthocoridae). Entomophaga. 42:349-358.
Demsia, G., D. Vlastos,
M. Goumenou, and D.P. Matthopoulos. 2007. Assessment of the genotoxocity of
imidacloprid and metalaxyl in cultured human lymphocyctes and rat bone marrow. Mutat Res 634(1/2): 32-39.
Dittbrenner, N., R.
Triebskorn, I. Moser, Y. Capowiez. 2010. Physiological and behavioural effects
of imidacloprid on two ecologically relevant earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa). Ecotoxicology.
19(8): 1567-73.
Dobbs, M.G. and J.T. Frank. 1996. Acute toxicity of 14C-NTN
33519 to Hyalella azteca under static conditions. Bayer Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri.
Report No. 107148. 31 pp.
Dondero,
F, A. Negri, L. Boatti, F. Marsano, F. Mignone, A. Viarengo. 2010.
Transcriptomic and proteomic effects of a neonicotinoid mixture in the marine
mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lam.).
Sci Total Environ 408:3775–3786
Dorgerloh,
M. 2000. Imidacloprid - Influence on the growth of green alga, Selenastrum
capricornutum. Bayer AG, Crop Protection - Development, Institute for
Environmental Biology, Leverkusen-Bayerwerk,
Germany.
GLP-Study No. E 323 1806-3. Report No. DOM 20018. 26 pp.
Dorgerloh, M. and H. Sommer. 2001. Influence of
imidacloprid (tech.) on development and emergence of larvae of Chironomus
riparius in a water-sediment system. Bayer AG, Crop Protection
Drobne, D., M.
Blazic, C.A.M. vanGestel, V. Leser, P. Zidar, A. Jemec, P. Trebse. 2008.
Toxicity of imidacloprid to the terrestrial isopod Porcello Scaber (Isopoda, Crustacea). Chemosphere. 71:1326-1334.
England, D., and J.D. Bucksath.
1991. Acute toxicity of NTN 33893 to Hyalella azteca. ABC Laboratories,
Inc., Columbia, Missouri (performing laboratory). Mobay
Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri (submitting company). Columbia, Missouri.
29 pp. Report No. 101960.
Fahem,
Muhammad and M. F. Khan. 2010.Toxicity of imidacloprid (nicotinoid) against
earthworm,
pheretima posthuma with reference to its effects on protein. J Basic
Applied Sci 6(1): 55-62
Fahrbach, S. E. 2006. Structure of the mushroom
bodies of the insect brain. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 51:209–232.
Feng, S., Z. Kong, X. Wang, L. Zhao, and P. Peng.
2004. Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of two novel pesticides on amphibian.
Rana N. Hallowell. Chemosphere 56(5):
457-463.
Fitzpatrick, U., T.E. Murray, R.J. Paxton, J. Breen,
D. Cotton, V. Santorum, M.J.F. Brown. 2007. Rarity and decline in bumblebees –
a test of causes and correlates in the Irish fauna. Biol Conserv, 136:185-194.
Ford, K.A. and J.A. Casida. 2006. Unique and common
metabolites of thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and dinotefuran in mice. Chem Res Toxicol. 19: 1549-1556.
Gagliano, G.G. 1991. Growth and survival of the midge
(Chironomus tentans) exposed to NTN 33893 technical under static renewal
conditions. Mobay Corporation, Stilwell,
Kansas (performing laboratory).
Mobay Corporation, Kansas City,
Missouri (submitting company). 43
pp. Mobay Report No. 101985.
Gagliano,
G.G. 1992. Raw data and statistical analysis supplement for early life stage
toxicity of NTN 33893 to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ABC Laboratories,
Inc., Columbia, Missouri (performing laboratory). Miles
Incorporated, Agriculture Division, Kansas
City, Missouri
(submitting company). Miles Report No. 101214-1. 295 pp.
Gagliano, G.G., and L.M. Bowers. 1991. Acute toxicity
of NTN 33893 to the green alga (Selenastrum capricornutum). Mobay
Corporation, Stilwell, Kansas (performing laboratory). Mobay
Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri (submitting company). 30 pp. Mobay
Report No. 101986.
Gomez-Eyles
JL, C. Svendsen, L. Lister, H. Martin, ME
Hodson, D. Spurgeon. 2009. Measuring and
modelling mixture toxicity of imidacloprid and thiacloprid on Caenorhabditis elegans and Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 72:71–79
Grau, R. 1986. Summary
of Report No. VK-300: Bird oral toxicity/ Canary bird. Bayer AG, Leverkusen-Beyerwerk, Germany. Report No. 106610. Bayer
AG
Grau, R. 1987a.
Summary of Report no. VT-113: Bird oral toxicity/ Pigeon. Bayer AG, Leverkusen-Beyerwerk, Germany. Report No. 106611. Bayer
AG
Grau, R. 1987b. The
acute toxicity of NTN 33893 Techn. to golden orfe (Leuciscus idus melanotus)
in a static test. Final Report FO-1042, Study No. E 2820089-9. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.
11+ pp.
Grau, R. 1988a. Acute oral LD50 of NTN 33893 to Japanese quail.
Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany. Report No. 106608. 42 pp.
Grau, R. 1988b. The acute toxicity of NTN 33893 technical to rainbow
trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a static test. Bayer AG, Leverkusen-Bayerwerk, Germany
(performing laboratory). Mobay Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri
(submitting company). 18 pp. Report No. 101303.
Green, T., A. Toghill,
R. Lee, F. Waechter, E. Weber, J. Noakes. 2005. Thiamethoxam induced mouse liver
tumors and their relevance to humans. Part 1: Mode of action studies in the
mouse. Tox Sciences. 86 (1): 36-47.
Green, T., A. Toghill,
R. Lee, F. Waechter, E. Weber, R. Peffer, J. Noakes, M. Robinson. 2005.
Thiamethoxam induced mouse liver tumors and their relevance to humans. Part 2:
Species differences in response. Tox
Sciences 86(1): 48-55.
Hall, A.T. 1996. Toxicity of NTN 33893 2F to the freshwater diatom Navicula
pelliculosa. Bayer Corporation, Kansas
City, Missouri.
Report No. 107658. 31 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
Hammer, M. and R. Menzel. Learning and memory in the honeybee. J Neuroscience. 15(3):1617-1630.
Hancock, G.A. 1996. NTN 33893 technical: an acute oral LD50 with
mallards. Bayer Corporation, Kansas
City, Missouri.
Report No. 107354. 32 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
He, Y., J. Zhao, D. Wu, K.A. Wychuys, K. Wu. 2011. Sublethal
effects of imidacloprid on Bemisia tabaci
under laboratory conditions. J Econ
Entomol. 104(3): 833-8.
Heimbach, F. 1986. Growth inhibition of green algae (Scenedesmus
subspicatus) caused by NTN 33893 (technical). Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
Report HBF/A1 27. 16 pp.
Hendel, B. 2001. Influence of imidacloprid (tech.) of Gammarus
pulex in a water-sediment system under static conditions. Bayer AG, Crop
Protection Research, Environmental Research, Institute for Environmental
Biology, Leverkus, Germany. Report No. HDB/SP 10-00.
41 pp.
Hewitt, M. 2006.
Characterizing potato pesticide impacts in aquatic systems of Atlantic Canada.
Project Report submitted under the Pesticide Science Fund, Environment Canada.
Hill, T.A., R.E. Foster. 2000. Effects of
insecticides on the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its
parasitoid Diadegman insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) J Econ Entomol 93(3): 763-768.
Hovda,
L.R. and S.B. Hooser. 2002. Toxicology of newer pesticides for use in dogs and
cats. The Veterinary Clinics: Small
Animal Practice. 32(2):455-467.
James, D.G. 1997.
Imidacloprid increases egg production in Amblyseius
victoriensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Exp
Appl Acarol. 21:75-82.
James, D.G. and B.
Vogele. 2001. The effect of imidacloprid on survival of some beneficial
arthropods. Plant Prot Quart. 16:
58-62.
James, D.G. and T.S.
Price. 2002. Fecundity in two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) is
increased by direct and systemic exposure to imidacloprid. J. Econ Entomol. 95(4): 729-32.
Jemec, A., T. Tisler,
D. Drobne, K. Sepcic, D. Fournier, and P. Trebse. 2007. Comparative toxicity of
imidacloprid, of its commercial liquid formulation and of diazinon to a
non-target arthropod, the microcrustacean Daphnia magna. Chemosphere 68(8): 1408-1418.
Jepson, J.E.C., L.A.
Brown, D.B. Sattelle. 2006. The actions of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid on
cholinergic neurons of Drosophila
melanogaster. Invert Neurosci. 6:33-40.
Julian, S. and J.
Howard. 1999. Effects of three insecticides (carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and
imidacloprid) on hatching and development of four amphibian species, Rana pipiens, Pseudacris triseriata, Ambyst
oma jeffersonianum, and Bufo
americanus. Thesis for MSci.
Frostburg University. http://archive.lib.msu.edu/tic/thesdiss/julian-s2000a.pdf.
Kaakeh, N., W. Kaakeh, and G.W. Bennett.
1996. Topical toxicity of imidacloprid, fipronil, and seven conventional
insecticides to the adult convergent lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 31: 315–322.
Karabay, N.U. and
M.G. Oguz, 2005. Cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of the insecticides, imidacloprid
and methamidophos. Genet Mol Res
4(4): 653-662.
Key, P., K. Chung,
T. Siewicki, and M. Fulton. 2007. Toxicity of three pesticides individually and
in mixture to larval grass shrimp. Ecotoxicol
Environ Saf 68(2): 272-277.
Kimura-Kuroda, J., Y. Komuta, Y. Kuroda, M.
Hayashi, H. Kawano. 2012. Nicotine-like effects of the neonicotinoid
insecticides acetamiprid and imidacloprid on cerebellar neurons from neonatal
rats. PLoS One. 7(2): e32432. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032432.
Kocaman, A.Y., M. Topaktag. 2007. In vitro
evaluation of the genotoxicity of acetamiprid in human peripheral blood
lymphocytes. Environ Mol Mutagenesis.
48(6): 483-490.
Koester J. 1992. Comparative metabolism of
(pyridinyl-14C-methyl)-imidacloprid
in plant cell suspension cultures. Proc. Brighton Crop Protection Conference – Pests and Dis. 2: 901–906
Kreutzweiser, D., K. Good, D. Chartrand, T. Scarr, and D.
Thompson. 2007. Non-target effects on aquatic decomposer organisms of
imidacloprid as a systemic insecticide to control emerald ash borer in riparian
trees. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety.
68(3): 315-25.
Kreutzweiser,
DP, Good,KP, Chartrans, DT, Scarr, TA, Thompson, DG. 2008. Are leaves that fall
from imidacloprid-treated maple trees to control Asian longhorned beetles toxic
to non-target decomposer organisms? J Environ Qual. 37(2): 639-46.
Kreutzweiser,
DP, Good, KP, Chartrand, DT, Scarr, TA, Holmes, SB, Thompson, DG. 2008. Effects
on litter-dwelling earthworms and microbial decomposition of soil-applied
imidacloprid for control of wood-boring insects. Pest
Manag Sci. 64(2): 112-8.
Kreutzweiser, D.P., K.P. Good, D. Chartrand, T.A. Scarr, and
D.G. Thompson. 2008. Toxicity of the systemic insecticide, imidacloprid, to
forest stream insects and microbial communities. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 80(3):211-4.
Kreutzweiser,
D.P., D.G. Thompson, and T.A. Scarr. 2008.
Imidacloprid in leaves from systemically treated trees may inhibit
litter breakdown by non-target invertebrates. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety, 72(4): 1053-1057.
Krischik, V.A., A.L. Landmark, G.E. Heimpel.
2007. Soil-applied imidacloprid is translocated to nectar and kills
nectar-feeding Anagyrus pseudococci
(girault) (Hymendoptera: Encyrtidae). Environ
Entomol. 36(5): 1238-45.
Kunkel, B.A., D.W. Held, and D.A. Potter. 1999. Impact of
halofenozide, imidacloprid, and bendiocarb on beneficial invertebrates and
predatory activity in turfgrass. J Econ Entomol 92(4): 992-930.
Kunkel, B.A., D.W. Held, D.A. Potter. 2001.
Lethal and sublethal effects of bendiocarb, halofenozide, and imidacloprid on Harpalus pennsylvanicus (coleopteran:
Carabidae) following different modes of exposure in turfgrass. J Econ Entomol. 94:60-67.
Lal, O.P., R.K. Palta, YNS, Srivastava. 2001. Impact
of imidacloprid and carbofuran on earthworm castings in Okra Field. Ann Plant Prot Sci 9(1): 137-138.
Langer-Jaescich, M., H-R. Kohler, A. Gerhardt. 2010.
Assessing toxicity of the insecticide thiacloprid on Chironomus riparius (Insecta: Diptera) using multiple end points. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 58(4):
963-72. nj
Laskowski, R. 2001. Why short-term bioassays are not
meaningful – effects of a pesticide (imidacloprid) and a metal (cadmium) on pea
aphids (Acyrthosipon pisum Harris) Ecotoxicology
10(3): 177-183.
Lee, S.-G.,
Hilton, S.A., Broadbent, A.B. and Kim, J.-H., 2002, Insecticide Resistance in
Phytoseiid Predatory Mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius cucumeris
(Acarina:
Phytoseiidae), Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology vol 5, p 123-129
Li, P. J. Ann, G. Akk. 2011. Activation and modulation
of human a4b2
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by the neonicotinoids clothianidin and
imidacloprid. J Neurosci Res. 89(8):
1295-301.
Lim, U.T. and
A.M.A. Mahmoud. 2008, Ecotoxicological effect of fenitrothion on Trissolcus nigripedius (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) an egg parasitoid
of Dolycoris baccarum (Hemiptera:
Pentatomidae). J Asia-Pacific Entom.
11:207–210.
Lintott, D.R. 1992. NTN 33893 (240 FS formulation): acute toxicity to
the mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, under flow-through conditions. Toxicon
Environmental Sciences, Jupiter, Florida
(performing laboratory). Miles Incorporated, Kansas City, Missouri
(submitting company). 43 pp. Miles Report No. 103845.
Liu, M.Y., J. Lanford, J.E. Casida. 1995. Relevance of [3H]imidacloprid
binding site in house fly head nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to insecticidal
activity of 2-nitromethylene- and 2-nitroimino-imidazolidines. Pestic.
Biochem. Physiol. 46:200–206.
Lucas, E., S.
Giroux, S. Demougeot, R-M Duchesne, D. Coderre. 2004. Compatibility of a natural
enemy, Coleomegilla maculata lengi (Col., Coccinellidae) and four insecticides
used against the Colorado potato beetle (Col.,
Chrysomelidae). J Applied Entom.
128:233-239.
Lukančič, S.,
U. Žibrat, T. Mezek, A. Jerebic, T.
Simčič, A. Brancelj. 2010. Effects of exposing two non-target crustacean species,
Asellus aquaticus L., and Gammarus fossarum Koch., to atrazine and
imidacloprid. Bull Environ Contam Tox.
84:85-80.
Luo, Y., Y. Zhang, Y. Zhong, and Z.M. Kong. 1999.
Toxicological study of two novel pesticides on earthworm Eisenia foetida. Chemosphere
39(13): 2347-2356.
Mahdian, K., T.
Van Leeuwen, L. Tirry, P. De Clercq. 2007, Susceptibility of the predatory
stinkbug Picromerus bidens to
selected insecticides. BioControl. 52:765-774.
Matsuda K., M. Shimomura, Y. Kondo, M. Ihara, K.
Hashigami, N. Yoshida, V. Raymond, N.P. Morgan, J.C. Freeman, K. Komai, and
D.B. Sattelle. 2000. Role of loop D of the α 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
in its interaction with the insecticide imidacloprid and related
neonicotinoids. Br. J. Pharmacol.130:981-6.
(Cited in Hovda and Hooser 2002)
Miles, Inc. 1993b. Imidacloprid (syn.
PREMISE, NTN 33893) - Comparative metabolism in plant cell suspension cultures.
Volume No. 51950–0078. Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA.
Mizell, R.F., M.C. Sconyers. 1992. Toxicity
of imidacloprid to selected arthropod predators in the laboratory. Florida Entomologist. 75(2): 277-280.
Moghaddam, N.S., M.P. Zakaria, D. Omar, K.
Sijam, R. Khakvar. 2011. Effects of imidacloprid on the biodiversity of soil
microbes in selected soils of Malaysia. 2011. Second International Conference
on Environmental Science and Development. IPCBEE vol 4.
Modal, S., R.C. Ghosh, M.S. Mate, D.B. Karmakar. 2009.
Effects of acetamiprid on immune system in female Wistar rats. Proc Zool Soc. 62(2): 109-117.
Mostert, M.A., A.S. Schoeman, M. Van der
Merwe. 2000. The toxicity of five insecticides to earthworms of the Pheretima
Group, using an artificial soil test. Pest Manag Sci
56(1): 1093-1097.
Mostert, M.A., A.S. Schoeman, M. Van der
Merve. 2002. The relative toxicities of insecticides to earthworms of the
Pheretima Group (Oligochaeta). Pest Manag Sci
58(5): 446-450.
Mota-Sanchez, D. B.M. Cregg, D.G. McCullough, T.M. Poland,
R.M. Hollingworth. 2009. Distribution of trunk-injected 14C-imidacloprid in ash
trees and effects on emerald ash borer (Coleoptera:Buprestodae) adults. Crop Protection 28:655-661.
Nagata, K., J-H. Song, T. SHono, T. Narahashi. 1998.
Modulation of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-channel by the
nitromethylene heterocycle imidacloprid. J
Pharm Experiment Therapeutics. 285(2): 731-738.
Nauen, R., B. Koob, A. Elbert. Antifeeding effects of
sublethal dosages of imidacloprid on Bemisia tabaci. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 88:287-293.
Nauen, R., K. Tietjen, K. Wagner, and A.
Elbert. 1998. Bayer. Efficacy of plant
metabolites of imidacloprid against Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii
(Homoptera: Aphididae). Pestic Sci.
52: 53–57.
Okumoto, T. and Y. Ozoe. 2002. Evaluation of affinity of
neonicotinoid insecticides for rat brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by
3H Epibatidine-binding assay. J Pest Sci 27:145-146.
Overmyer, J.P., B.N. Mason,
K.L.Armbrust. 2005, Acute toxicity of imidacloprid and fipronil to a nontarget aquatic
insect, Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt
cytospecies IS-7. Bull Environ Contam
Tox. 74:872-879.
Papachristos, D.P. and P.G. Milonas. 2008. Adverse effects
of soil applied insecticides on the predatory coccinellid Hippodamia
undecimnotata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biological
Control, 47(1):77-81.
Pastoor, T., P. Rose, S. Lloyd, R. Peffer, T. Green. 2005.
Case study: Weight of evidence evaluation of the human health relevance of
thiamethoxam-related mouse liver tumors. Tox
Sciences 86(1): 56-60.
Pavlaki,
MD, R. Pereira, S. Loureiro, AMVM. Soares.
2011. Effects of binary mixtures on life traits of Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol
Environ Saf 74:99–110
Peck, D.C. 2009. Long-term effects of imidacloprid on the
abundance of surface- and soil-active nontarget fauna in turf. Ag Forest Entomol. 11(4): 405-419.
Pestano, J.L.T., S. Loureiro, D.J. Baird, A.M.V.M. Soare.
2009. Fear and loathing in the benthos: Responses of aquatic insect larvae to
the pesticide imidacloprid in the presence of chemical signals of predation
risk. Aquatic Tox 93(2-3): 138-149.
Pestano, J.L.T., A.C. Alexander, J.M. Culp, D.J. Baird, A.J.
Cessna, A.M.V.M. Soares. 2009. Structural and functional responses of benthic
invertebrates to imidacloprid in outdoor stream mesocosms. Environ Pollution. 157(8-9):2328-2334.
Pike, K.S., G.L. Reed,
G.T. Graf, and D. Allison. 1993. Compatibility of imidacloprid with fungicides
as a seed-treatment control of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphidae) and
effect on germination, growth, and yield of wheat barley. J Econ Entomol 86(2):
586-593
Quintela, E., C.
MacCoy. 1997. Effects of imidacloprid on development, mobility, and survival of
first instars of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera:Curcilionidae). J Econ Entomol 90(4): 988-995.
Rogers, M.A., V.A. Krischik, L.A.
Martin. 2007. Effect of soil application of imidacloprid on survival of adult
green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera:Chrysopidae) used for biological
control in greenhouse. Biol. Control
42:172-177.
Roney,
D.J., and L.M. Bowers. 1996. Acute toxicity of 14C-NTN 33823 to Hyalella azteca
under static conditions. Bayer Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri.
Miles Report No. 107315. 34 pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1997a)
Rouchaud, J. F.
Gustin, A. Wauters. 1996. Imidacloprid insecticide soil metabolism in sugar
beet field crops. Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 56:29-36.
Sánchez-Bayo, F. and K. Goka. 2005.
Unexpected effects of zinc pyrithione and imidacloprid on Japanese medaka fish
(Oryzias latipes). Aquatic Toxicol.
74: 285–293.
Sánchez-Bayo,
F., and K. Goka. 2006. Influence of light in acute toxicity bioassays of
imidacloprid and zinc pyrithione to zooplankton crustaceans. Aquat. Toxicol.
78: 262-271.
Sánchez-Bayo,
F., and K. Goka. 2006. Ecological effects of the insecticide imidacloprid and a
pollutant from antidandruff shampoo in experimental rice fields. Environ Toxicol Chem. 25(6): 1677-1687.
Sanchez-Bayo, F. 2006.
Comparative acute toxicity of organic pollutants and reference values for
crustaceans. I. Branchiopoda, Copepoda and Ostracoda. Environ Pollution. 139: 385-420.
Sardo, A.M. and A.M.V.M.
Soares. 2010. Assessment of the effects of the pesticide imidacloprid on the
behavior of the aquatic oligochaete Lumbriculus
variegatus. Arch Environ Contam
Toxicol. 58:648-656.
Sclar, D.C., D. Gerace,
W.S. Cranshaw. 1998. Observations of population increases and injury by spider
mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on ornamental plants treated with imidacloprid. J Econ Entomol. 91: 250-255.
Smith,
S. F. and V. A. Krischik. 1999. Effects of systemic imidacloprid on
Coleomegilla
maculata. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environ. Entomol. 28(6): 1180-
1195.
Song, M.Y., J.D. Stark,
J.J. Brown. 1997. Comparative toxicity of four insecticides, including imidacloprid
and tebufenozide, to four aquatic arthropods. Environ Tox Chem. 16:
2494-2500
Song, M.Y. and J.J. Brown. 1998. Osmotic effects as a factor modifying
insecticide toxicity on Aedes and Artemia. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety. 41:195-202.
Song, M.Y. and J.J. Brown.
2006. Influence of fluctuating salinity on insecticide tolerance of two euryhaline
arthropods. J Econ Entom. 99:745-751.
Sone, S., K. Nagata, S. Tsuboi, T. Shomo. 1994. Toxic
symptoms and neural effects of a new class of insecticide, imidacloprid, on the
American cockroach. J. Pesticide Sci
19:62-72.
Stafford, T.R. 1991. NTN
33893 2.5G: an acute oral LD50 with house sparrows, Passer domesticus.
Mobay Corporation, Kansas City,
Missouri. Report No. 101324. 23
pp. (Reviewed in Mulye 1996)
Stafford, T.R. 1992. Technical NTN 33893: a
one-generation reproduction study with mallard ducks. Miles Report No. 103813.
Miles, Inc., Kansas City, MO. 99 pp.
Stapel, J.O., A.M. Cortesero, W.J. Lewis.
2000. Disruptive sublethal effects of insecticides on biological control:
altered foraging ability and life span of a parasitoid after feeding on
extrafloral nectar of cotton treated with systemic pesticides. Biol Control 17:243-49.
Stark, J.D., P.C.Jepson, D.F. Mayer. 1995. Limitations to
use of topical toxicity data for predictions of pesticide side effects in the
field. J Econ Entomol. 88:
1081-1088.
Stoughton, S.J. 2006. Toxicity of imidacloprid to two
aquatic invertebrates, Chironomus tentans and Hyalella azteca,
under different exposure conditions. M.Sc. Thesis. University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.
Stoughton, S., J. Leber, J. Culp, and A. Cessna. 2008.
Acute and chronic toxicity of imidacloprid to the aquatic invertebrates
Chironomus tentans and Hyalella azteca under constant- and pulse-exposure
conditions. Arch Environ Cont and Tox.
54(4):662-673.
Taira, K., Y. Aoyama,
T. Kawakami, M. Kamata, T. Aoi. 2011. Detection of chloropyridinyl
neonicotinoid insecticide metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid in the urine: six
cases with subacute nicotinic symptoms. Chudoku
Kenkyu. 24(3): 222-30.
Takada, T. 1986. NTN
33893: Acute fish toxicity on common carp. Nitokuno, Basic Research Division,
Toxicity Research Department. Report No. RW86102.
Tanaka, K., S. Endo, H.
Kazano. 2000, Toxicity of insecticides to predators of rice planthoppers:
Spiders, the mirid bug and the dryinid wasp. Applied Entom Zool. 35:177-187.
Tišler, T., A. Jemec, B.
Mozeticˇ, P. Trebše. 2009. Hazard identification of imidacloprid to aquatic
environment. Chemosphere.. 76:907–914.
Torres, J.B. and J.R. Ruberson.
2004. Toxicity of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid to Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) nymphs associated
to aphid and whitefly control in cotton. Neotrop
Entom. 33:99-106.
Toll, P.A. 1990b. Technical NTN 33893: a subacute dietary LC50
with mallard ducks. Miles, Inc., Stilwell,
KS. 36 pp. Miles Report No.
100238. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
Toll, P.A. 1990c. Technical NTN 33893: a one-generation reproduction
study with bobwhite quail. Miles, Inc., Stilwell,
KS. 114 pp. Miles Report No.
101203. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
Toll, P.A. 1990d. Technical NTN 33893: an acute oral LD50 with
bobwhite quail. Miles, Inc., Stilwell,
KS. 25 pp. Miles Report No.
100059. (Reviewed in Mulye 1995)
Tomizawa, M. and I. Yamamoto. 1992. Binding of nicotinoids
and the related compounds to the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Pest Sci. 17:231-236.
Tomizawa, M. and J.E. Casida. 1999. Minor structural changes
in nicotinoid insecticides confer differential subtype selectivity for
mammalian nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. British J. Pharmocol 127:115-122
Tomizawa, M., D.L. Lee, and J.E. Casida. 2000. Neonicotinoid
insecticides: Molecular features conferring selectivity for insect versus
mammalian nicotinic receptors. J Agric
Food Chem. 48:6016-6024.
Tomizawa, M., A. Cowan, J.E. Casia. 2001. Analgesic and
toxic effects of neonicotinoid insecticides in mice. Toxicol Applied Phramacol 177:77-83.
Tomizawa, M. and J.E. Casida. 2002. Desnitro-imidacloprid
activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade via the nicotinic
receptor and intracellular calcium mobilization in N1E-115 cells. Toxicol Applied Phramacol
184:180-186.
Tomizawa, M. and J.E. Casida. 2003. Selective toxicity of
neonicotinoids attributable to specificity of insect and mammalian nicotinic
receptors. Ann Rev Entomol. 48:
339-364.
Tomizawa, M., D. Maltby, T.T. Talley, K.A. Durkin, K.F.
Medzihradszky, A. L. Burlingame, P. Taylor, J.E. Casida. 2008. Atypical
nicotinic agonist bound conformations conferring subtype selectivity. PNAS. 105(5):1728-1732
U.S. EPA.
Nov 2000. Michael Doherty. Thiamethoxam
- Dietary exposure and risk analysis for the Section 3 seed treatment uses on canola,
barley, cotton, sorghum, and wheat with a separate analysis for the use on canola
seed. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/060109/060109.htm.
Valdovinos-Nunez, G.R., J.J.G.
Quezada-Euan, P. Ancona-Xiu, H.
Moo-Valle, A.Carmona, and E.R.Sanchez.
2009. Comparative toxicity of pesticides to stingless bees (Hymenoptera:
Apidae: Meliponini). J Econ Entomol.
102:1737-1742.
Van Dijk, T.C. 2010. Effects of neonicotinoid pesticide
pollution of Dutch surface water on non-target species abundance. MSc Thesis
Utrecht University.
http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/student-theses/2010-0722-200330/MSc%20Thesis%20Tessa%20van%20Dijk.pdf.
Vincent, C., A. Ferran, L. Guige, J. Brun. 2000. Effects of
imidacloprid on coccinellid larval biology and locomotor behavior. Eur J Entomol 97(4):501-506.
Walters, J., H. Casjens, and K. Goh. 2001.
Preliminary Monitoring Results of Imidacloprid and Cyfluthrin Applications for
Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter Control in Commercial Areas of Butte County.
[Online]. Available at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/gwss/r1018_01.pdf.
CDPR, Sacramento, CA.
Wang, H.Y., Y. Yang, J.Y.Su,
J.L. Shen, C.F.Gao, C.F.,Y.C. Zhu. 2008, Assessment of the impact of insecticides
on Anagrus nilaparvatae (Pang et
Wang) (Hymenoptera:
Mymanidae), an egg
parasitoid of the rice planthopper, Nilaparvata
lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Crop
Protection. 27:514-522.
Ward, G.S. 1990a.
NTN-33893 technical: acute toxicity to sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon
variegatus, under static conditions. Toxicon Environmental Sciences,
Jupiter, Florida
(performing laboratory). Mobay Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri
(submitting laboratory). 36 pp. Mobay Project ID: Report No. 100354.
Ward, G.S. 1990b. NTN
33893 technical: acute toxicity to the mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, under
flow-through test conditions. Toxicon Environmental Sciences, Jupiter, Florida (performing
laboratory). Mobay Corporation, Kansas
City, Missouri
(submitting laboratory). 46 pp. Mobay Report No. 100355.
Ward, G.S. 1991. NTN
33893 technical: chronic toxicity to the mysid Mysidopsis bahia under
flow-through conditions. Toxicon Environmental Sciences, Jupiter, FL. 87 pp.
Miles Report No. 101347
Williams III, L., L.D. Price,
V. Manrique. 2003. Toxicity of field-weathered insecticide residues to Anaphes iole (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae),
an Egg Parasitoid of Lygus lineolaris
(Heteroptera: Miridae), and implications for inundative biological control in cotton.
Biological
Control. 26:217-223.
Williams III, L. and L.D.
Price. 2004. A space-efficient contact toxicity bioassay for minute
Hymenoptera, used to test the effects of novel and conventional insecticides on
the egg parasitoids Anaphes iole and Trichogramma pretiosum. BioControl. 49:163-185.
Wu, G., S. Jiang, T.
Miyata. 2004. Effects of synergists on toxicity
of six insecticides in parasitoid Diaeretiella
rapae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). J Econ
Entomol. 97:2057-2066.
Youn, Y.N., M.J. Seo, J.G.
Shin, C. Jang, Y.M. Yu. 2003. Toxicity
of greenhouse pesticides to multicolored Asian lady beetles, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).
Biol Control 28:164-170.
Young, B.M. and G.C.
Blakemore. 1990. 21-day chronic static renewal toxicity of NTN 33893 to Daphnia
magna. Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, Missouri
(performing laboratory). Mobay Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri
(submitting laboratory). 84 pp. Mobay Report No. 100247. 50 Canadian Water Quality Guidelines Imidacloprid
Zang,
Y., Y. Zhong, Y.Luo, Z.M. Kong. 2000.
Genotoxicity of two novel pesticides for the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, Environ Poll. 108:271-278.
Zhang,
J-J., Y. Wang, H-Y Xiang, M-X Li, K-G. Ma, X-Z. Wang, J-H Zhang. 2011. Oxidative stress: Role in acetamiprid
induced impairment of the male mice reproductive system. Ag Sci China. 10(5):786-796.