Published Literature Studies Showing Adverse Effects to Bees from Exposure to Neonicotinoids

Published Literature Studies Showing Adverse Effects to Bees

 from Exposure to Neonicotinoids

Acute Toxicity

Bailey, J., C. Scott-Dupree, R. Harris, J. Tolman, and B. Harris. 2005.  Contact and oral toxicity to honey bees (Apis mellifera) of agents registered for use for sweet corn insect control in Ontario, Canada. Apidologie 36(4): 623-633. 

Bianu, E., D. Nica, G. Chioveanu. 2008. A case of acute intoxication with acetamiprid in bee colonies. 3^rd European Conference of Apidology. Belfast. Sept 8-11, 2008. 

Cole, J.H. 1990.  Bayer study. The acute oral and contact toxicity to honey bees of Compound NTN 33893 technical.  Lab Project Number 101321.  EPA MRID 42273003.

Gregorc, A., J.D. Ellis. 2011. Cell death localization in situ in laboratory reared honey

bee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae treated with pesticides. Pest Biochem Physio. 99: 200–207.

Incertii, F., L. Bortolotti, C. Porrini, A. M. Sbrenna, G. Sbrenna. 2003.  An extended laboratory test to evaluate the effects of pesticides on bumblebees. Preliminary results.  Bull Insectol. 56 (1): 159-164, 2003 ISSN 1721-8861  http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-159-164incerti.pdf

Iwasa, T., N. Motoyama, J.T. Ambrose, R. M. Roe. Mechanism for the differential toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. 2004. Crop Protection 23: 371-378. 

Laurino, D, M. Porporato, A. Patetta, A. Manino. 2011. Toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides to honey bees laboratory tests. Bull Insectol 64:107–113.

Marletto, F., A. Patetta, Manno, A.  2003. Laboratory assessment of pesticide toxicity to bumblebees.  Bull Insectol 56 (1): 155-158.  http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-155-158marletto.pdf

Nauen, R. and R. Schmuck. 2001. Bayer.  Toxicity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interaction of imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera  Pest Manag Sci 57:577-586

Nica, D., E. Bianu, G. Chioveanu. 2008. A case of acute intoxication with thiamethoxam in bees.  3^rd European Conference of Apidology. Belfast, Ireland. Sept 8-11, 2008. http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee3_Abstracts_Final.pdf

Stark, J.D., P.C. Jepson, and D.F. Mayer. 1995. Limitations to use of topical toxicity data for predictions of pesticide side effects in the field. J Econ Entomol. 88: 1081–1088.

Suchail, S.,D. Guez, and L. P. Belzunces.2000. Characteristics of imidacloprid toxicity in two Apis mellifera subspecies. Environ Toxicol Chem. 19:1901–1905.

Suchail, S., D. Guez, and L.P. Belzunces. 1999. Characteristics of imidacloprid toxicity in two Apis mellifera subspecies. Environ Toxicol Chem. 19(7): 1901–1905.

Residual Toxicity

Hancock, G.A. et al 1992.  Bayer study. Toxicity to Honey Bees on Alfalfa Treated Foliage.

Mayer, D.F. and J.D. Lunden. 1997. Effects of imidacloprid insecticide on three bee pollinators. Horticultural Science. 29:93-97.

Sublethal Toxicity

Abbott, V.A., J. L. Nadeau, H. A. Higo, and M. L. Winston. 2008.   Lethal and Sublethal Effects of imidacloprid on Osmia lignaria and clothianidin on Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). J Econ Entomol 101(3):784-796. 

Aliouane, Y., A.K. Hassani, V. Gary, C. Armengaud, M. Lambin, and M. Gauthier. 2009. Subchronic exposure of honeybees to sublethal doses of pesticides: effects on behavior. Environ Tox Chem  28(1):113-122.

Armengaud, C., M. Lambin, M. Gauthier. 2002.  Effects of imidacloprid on the neural processes of memory  in Honey bees: estimating the environmental impact of chemicals,  J. Devillers and M.H. Pham-Delegue, (eds). New York: Taylor & Francis, 85-100.

Bai, D., S.C.R. Lummis, W. Leicht, H. Breer, D.B. Sattelle. 1991. Actions of imidacloprid and a related nitromethylene on cholinergic receptors of an identified insect motor neuron. Pestic Sci. 33:197-204. 

Bailez, O. 1996.  Études du comportement de butinage et des capacités de discrimination olfactive dans la relation abeille (Apis mellifera)-colza (Brassica napus L.). Thèse de Doctorat  University of Paris XIII. Paris, France.

Beliën, T., J. Kellers, K. Heylen, W. Keulemans, J. Billen, L. Arckens, R. Huybrechts, B.

Gobin. 2009. Effects of sublethal doses of crop protection agents on honey bee (Apis mellifera) global colony vitality and its potential link with aberrant foraging activity. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci. 74: 245–253.

Belzunces, L.P., S. Tchamitchien, J.L. Brunet. 2012. Neural effects of insecticides in the honey bee. Apidologie.  http://smallbluemarble.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/NeuralEffectsBelzunces2012.pdf

Bonmatin, J.M., I. Moineau, R. Charvet, M.E. Collin, C. Fleche, E.R. Bengsch. 2005. Behavior of imidacloprid in fields. Toxicity for honey bees in Environmental Chemistry: Green Chemistry and Pollutants in Ecosytems. Eric Lcihtfourse, J. Schwarzbauer, and D. Robert (eds). New York:  Springer.

Bortolotti, L., R. Montanari, J. Marcelino, P. Medrzycki, S. Maini,  C. Porrini. 2003. Effects of sub-lethal imidacloprid doses on the homing rate and foraging activity of honey bees. Bull Insectol  56(1): 63-67. http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-063-067bortolotti.pdf

Buckingham, S. D., B. Lapide, H. LE. Corronc, F. Grolleau, and D. B. Sattelle. 1997. Imidacloprid actions on insect neuronal acetylcholine receptors. J Experimental Biology 200: 2685-2692.

Colin, M.E., J.M. Bonmatin, I. Moineau, C. Gaimon, S. Brun, J.P. Vermandere. 2004.  A method to quantify and analyze the foraging activity of honey bees: relevance to the sublethal effects induced by systemic insecticides. Arch Environ Contam. Toxicol. 47:387-395.

Colombo A, and E. Buonocore. 1997. Effetto di trattamenti al terreno con imidacloprid sull’attivita` deibombi. L’Informatore Agrario 53:85–87.

Decourtye, A., M.H. Pham-Delegue. 2002. The proboscis extension response: assessing the sublethal effects of pesticides on the honey bee In Honey Bees: Estimating the Environmental Impact of Chemicals.  J. Devillers and M.H. Pham-Delegue, (eds). New York: Taylor & Francis, 67-84.

Decourtye, A., E. Lacassie, and M.H. Pham-Delègue. 2003. Learning performances of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) are differentially affected by imidacloprid according to the season. Pest Manage Sci. 59: 269–278.

 

Decourtye, A., J. Devillers, S. Cluzeau, M. Charreton, and M.H. Pham-Delègue. 2004(a). Effects of imidacloprid and deltamethrin on associative learning in honeybees under semi-field and laboratory conditions.  Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 57: 410–419.

Decourtye, A., C. Armengaud, M. Renou, J. Devillers, S. Cluzeau, M. Gauthier, and M. H. Pham-Delègue. 2004(b).  Imidacloprid impairs memory and brain metabolism in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Pestic. Biochem. Phys. 78: 83–92.

Decourtye, A., J. Devillers, E. Genecque, K. LeMenach, H. Budzinski, S. Cluzeau, and M.H. Pham-Delegue.  Pham-Delègue, 2005. Comparative sublethal toxicity of nine pesticides on olfactory learning performances of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 48:242-250.

Decourtye, A., M. Tisseur, J.N. Tasei, M.H. Pham-Delegue. 2005. Toxicite et risques lies a l’emploi de pesticides chez les pollinisateurs: cas de l’abeille domestique. In Enjeuzx Phytosanitaires pour L’agriculture et L’environment au XXI Siecle,  C. Regnault-Roger, (ed). pp. 283-99. Paris:Lavoisier.

Deglise, P., B. Grunewald, M. Gauthier. 2002.  The insecticide imidacloprid is a partial agonist of the nicotinic receptor of honeybee Kenyon cells. Neurosci Letter 321:13-16.

Desneux, N., A. Decourtye, and J-M. Delpuech. 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annu Rev Entomol. 52: 81–106.

Eiri, D.M. and J.C. Nieh. 2012. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist affects honey bee sucrose responsiveness and decreases waggle dancing.  J Experimental Biol. 215: 2022-2029. 

El Hassani, A.K., M. Dacher, M. Gauthier, C. Armengaud. 2005. Effects of sublethal doses of fipronil and thiamethoxam on the behavior of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 54:653-661.

El Hassani, A.K., M. Dacher, V. Gary, M. Lambin, M. Gauthier, and C. Armengaud. 2008.  Effects of sublethal doses of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam on the behavior of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 54(4): 653-61. 

Franklin, M.T., M.L. Winston, and L.A. Moradin. 2004. Effects of clothianidin on Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony health and foraging ability. J Econ Entomol 97: 369-373.

Gregorc, A. and M.I. Smodis Skerl. 2008. Lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides on individual bees and their tissues. 3^rd European Conference of Apidology. Belfast, Ireland. Sept 8-11, 2008. http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee3_Abstracts_Final.pdf

Guez, D., S. Suchail, M. Gauthier, R. Maleszka, and L.P. Belzunces. 2001. Contrasting effects of imidacloprid on habituation in 7- and 8-day old honeybees (Apis mellifera).  Neurobiol Learn Mem. 76(2):183-191. 

Han, P., C-Y Niu, C-L Lei, J-J Cui, N. Desneux. 2010. Use of an innovative T-tube maze assay and the proboscis extension response assay to assess sublethal effects of GM products and pesticides on learning capacity of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. Ecotoxicology. 19(8): 1612-19.

Henry, M., M. Beguin, F. Requier, O. Rollin, J-F. Odoux, P. Aupinel, J. Aptel, S. Tchamitchian, A. Decourtye. 2012. A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey bees. Science.  336(6079): 348-350. 

Heylin, K., B. Gobin, L. Arckens, R. Huybrechts, J. Billen. 2010. The effects of four crop protection products on the morphology and ultrastructure of the hypopharyngeal gland of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera.  Apidologie. DOI: 10.1051/apido/2010043.

Kacimi El Hassani, A, M. Dacher, V. Gary, M. Lambin, M. Gauthier, and C. Armangaud. 2008. Effects of sublethal doses of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam on the behaviour of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol  54(4): 653-61.

Kirchner, W. H. 1999. Mad-bee-disease? Sublethal effects of imidacloprid (Gaucho®) on the behaviour of honeybees. Apidologie 30:422.

Lambin, M., C. Armengaud, S. Raymond, M. Gauthier. 2001. Imidacloprid induced facilitation of the proboscis extension reflex habituation in the honeybee. Arch. Insect Biochem Physiol. 48:129-34.

Laurino, D., A. Manino, A. Patetta, M. Ansaldi, M. Porporato. 2010. Neonicotinoid toxicity towards bees. 4^th European Conference of Apidology. Ankar, Turkey. Sept 07-09, 2010.  http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee5_2010_Abst.pdf

Matsuda, K. S.D. Buckingham, D. Kleier, J.J. Rauh, M. Grauso, D.B. Sattelle. 2001. Neonicotinoid insecticide acting on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci  22:573-580.

Medrzycki P., R. Montanari, L. Bortolotti, A.G.Sabatini , S. Maini, C. Porrini. 2003. Effects of imidacloprid administered in sub-lethal doses on honey bee behaviour. Laboratory tests. Bull Insectol 56 (1): 59-62.  http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-059-062medrzycki.pdf

Morandin, L.A. and M. Winston.2003. Effects of novel pesticides on bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony health and foraging ability. Environ Entomol 32: 555-563. 

Pereira, A.M., R.C.F. Nocelli, O. Malaspina, O.C. Bueno. 2011. Side effects of acetamiprid in adult Africanized honeybee. 11^th International Symposium of the ICP-BR Bee Protection Group. The Netherlands. Nov 2-4, 2011.

Ramirez-Romero, R.,J. Chaufaux, and M-H. Pham Delègue. 2005. Effects of Cry1Ab protoxin, deltamethrin, and imidacloprid on the foraging activity and the learning performances of the honeybee Apis mellifera, a comparative approach. Apidologie 36:601–611.

Schneider, C. W., J. Tautz, B. Grünewald, S. Fuchs. 2012. RFID tracking of sublethal effects of two neonicotinoid insecticides on the foraging behavior of Apis mellifera. PLoS ONE.  7:e30023.

Siquiera, K.M., L. Keill, M.S. Coelho, D. Araujo, D. Gama, I.O. Lima, M. Ribiero.2011. Effects of agrochemicals in the pattern of visitation of Apis mellifera in Cucumis melo.  4^th European Conference of Apidology. Sept 7-9, 2010. Ankara, Turkey. 

Skerl, M.I. S., and A. Gregorc. 2010. Heat shock proteins and cell death in situ localization in hypopharyngeal glands of honeybee (Apis melligera carnica) workers after imidacloprid or coumaphos treatment. Apidologie. 41(1): 73-86. 

Tome, HVV, GF Martins, MAP Lima, LAO Campos. 2012. Imidacloprid induced impairment of mushroom bodies and behavior of the native stingless bee melipona quadifasciata anthiodes. PLosOne 7(6): e38406. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038406. 

Wallner, K., A. Schur, and B. Stürz. 1999. Test regarding the danger of the seed disinfectant, Gaucho® 70WS, for honeybees. Apidologie 30:423.

Wallner, K. 2001. Test regarding effects of imidacloprid on honey bees. Les Colloques de l’INRA. 98:91–94.

Wu, J., C.M. Anelli, and W.S. Sheppard. 2011. Sub-lethal effects of pesticide residues in brood comb on worker honey bee (Apis mellifera) development and longevity. PLoS ONE 6(2):e14720.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014720. 

Wu, J. V. Krischik, and M. Spivak. 2012. Sub-lethal effects of imidacloprid exposure on honey bee queen egg-laying and activity.  American Bee Research Conference. Feb 7-8, 2012. Greenbelt, MD. 

Yang, E.C., Y.C. Chuang, Y.L. Chen, L.H. Chang. 2008. Abnormal foraging behavior induced by sublethal dosage of imidacloprid in the honeybee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J Econ Entomol 101(6):1743-1748.

Zhu, G., M. J. Petersen, G. Liu, D.C. Peck.  2012. Learning performances of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) are differentially affected by imidacloprid according to the season. Pest Manage Sci.   doi: 10.1002/ps.3394.

Chronic Toxicity

Bortolotti, L., E. Grazioso, E. Porrini, G. Sbrenna. 2001. Effect of pesticides on the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L. in the laboratory In Proceedings of the 7^th International Symposium “Hazards of pesticides to bees.”  Sept. 7-9, 1999. Avignon, France. 

Dechaume-Moncharmont, F.X., A. Decourtye, C. Hennequet-Hantier, O. Pons, M.H. Pham-Delegue. 2003. Statistical analysis of honeybee survival after chronic exposure to insecticides. Environ Toxicol Chem. 22:3088-94. 

Decourtye, A., J. Devillers, E. Genecque, K. Le Menach, H. Budzinski, S. Cluzeau, MH Pham-Delegue. 2001  Impairment of olfactory learning performances in the honey bee after long-term ingestion of imidacloprid. In: Belzunces LP, C. Pellissier, G.B. Lewis (eds)  Hazard of pesticides to bees. INRA, Paris, pp 113–117

Decourtye, A., E. Lacassie, and M.H. Pham-Delègue. 2003. Learning performances of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) are differentially affected by imidacloprid according to the season. Pest Manage Sci. 59: 269–278.

Gels, J.A., D.W. Held and D.A. Potter. 2002. Hazards of insecticides to the bumble bees Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foraging on flowering white clover in turf, Ecotoxicology 95:  722–728.

Henry, M., M. Beguin, F. Requier, O. Rollin, J-F. Odoux, P. Aupinel, J. Aptel, S. Tchamitchian, A. Decourtye. 2012. A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey bees. Science.  336(6079): 348-350. 

Laycock, I., K.M. Lentall, A.T. Barratt, J.E. Cresswell. 2012. Effects of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid pesticide, on reproduction in worker bumble bees (Bombus terrestris). Ecotoxicology.

Lu, C., K.M. Warchol, R.A. Callahan. 2012. In situ replication of honey bee colony collapse disorder. Bull Insect 65(1): 99-106. 

http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol65-2012-099-106lu.pdf

Mommaerts, V and G. Smagghe. 2011. Side-effects of pesticides on the pollinator Bombus: an overview. In: Stoytcheva, M (ed) Pesticides of the modern world. InTech, Rijeka, pp 507–552.

Mommaerts, V., S. Reynders, J. Boulet, L. Besard, G. Sterk, G. Smagghe. 2010.  Risk assessment for side-effects of neonicotinoids against bumblebees with and without impairing foraging behaviour. Ecotoxicology 19:207–215.

Moncharmont, F.D. et al. 2003.  Statistical analysis of honeybee survival after chronic exposure to insecticides. Environ Tox Chem 22(12): 3088-3094.

Suchail, S., D. Guez, L.P. Belzunces. 1999. Toxicity of imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera In Hazards of Pesticides to Bees.  L.P. Belzunces, C. Pelissier, and G.B. Lewis. Avignon, France. 7^th International Symposium of the ICP-BR Bee Protection Group.

Suchail, S.,D. Guez, and L. P. Belzunces.2001. Discrepancy between acute and chronic toxicity induced by imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera. Environ Toxicol Chem. 20: 2482–2486.

Whitehorn, P.R., S. O’Connor, F.L. Wachers, D. Goulson. 2012. Neonicotinoid pesticide reduces bumble bee colony growth and queen production. Science. 336(6079): 351-2.

Immune Suppression and Synergistic Effects

Alaux, C., J-L.Brunet, C. Dussaubat, F. Mondet, S. Tchamitchan, M. Cousin, J. Brillard, A. Baldy, L.P. Belzunces, Y. Le Conte. 2010. Interactions between Nosema microspores and a neonicotinoid weaken honeybees (Apis mellifera). Environ Microbiol 12, 774–782.

Aufauvre, J., R. Fontbonne, M. Roudel, C. Vidau, M. Deogon, D. Pointclous, H. El Alaoui, C. Texler, B. Vigues, N. Blot, and F. Delboe. 2010. Impact of pesticides on emergence of Nosema ceranae, an emerging parasite of the honeybee, Apis mellifera.  COLOSS Workshop. Bologna, Italy. Nov 25-26, 2010. 

Dussaubat, C., C. Alaux, A. Maisonnasse, J-L Brunet, S. Tchamitchan, F. Mondet, M. Cousin, J. Brillard, L. Belzunces, E. Plettner, Y. Le Conte.  2008. Interaction between Nosema spp. and a neonicotinoid affect honey bees at the individual and social level.  4^th European Conference of Apidology. Ankar, Turkey. Sept 07-09, 2010.  http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee5_2010_Abst.pdf

Gregorc, A., J.D. Evans, J. Ellis. 2010. Do varroa mites and pesticides synergize to affect bee larvae.  4^th European Conference of Apidology. Ankar, Turkey. Sept 07-09, 2010.  http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee5_2010_Abst.pdf

Gregorc, A., J.D. Evans, M. Scharf, J.D. Ellis. 2012. Gene expression in honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae exposed to pesticides and Varroa mites (Varroa destructor). J Insect Physio. 58: 1042-1049.

James, R.R. and J. Xu. 2012. Mechanisms by which pesticides affect insect immunity. J Invert Path. 109: 175-182. 

Krzjl, J. 2010. Imidacloprid enhances outbreak of nosemosis in honey bees.  4^th European Conference of Apidology. Ankar, Turkey. Sept 07-09, 2010.  http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee5_2010_Abst.pdf

Pettis, J.  2009. Status of Pollinator Health.  USDA-ARS Bee Research Lab, Beltsville, MD. 

http://www.ndswcs.org/documents/Rapid%20City%20conference/Friday/PollinatorsPettis-London08.pdf .

Pettis, J.S., D. van Engelsdorp, J. Johnson, G. Dively. 2012. Pesticide exposure in

honey bees results in increased levels of the gut pathogen Nosema.  Naturwissenschaften 99: 153–158.

Vidau, C., M. Diogon, J. Aufauvre, R. Fontbonne, B. Vigues, J-L. Brunet, C. Texier, D.G. Biron, N. Blot, H. El Alaoui, L.P. Belzunces, F. Delbac. 2011. Exposure to sublethal doses of fipronil and thiacloprid highly increases mortality of honeybees previously infected by Nosema ceranae.  PLoSONE.  6(6):e21550. 

Wu, J.Y., M.D. Smart, C.M. Anelli, W.S. Shepppard. 2012. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) reared in brood combs containing high levels of pesticide residues exhibit increased susceptibility to Nosema (Microsporidia infection. J. Invert Path. 109(3): 326-9. 

Studies on Metabolites

Brunet, J-L, A. Badiou, L.P. Belzunces. 2005. In vivo metabolic fate of ¹⁴C-acetamiprid in six biological compartments of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L.  Pest Manage Sci. 61(8): 742-748. 

Decourtye, A., E. Lacassie, and M.H. Pham-Delègue. 2003. Learning performances of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) are differentially affected by imidacloprid according to the season. Pest Manage Sci. 59: 269–278.

Guez, D, L.P. Belzunces, R. Maleszka. 2003.  Effects of imidacloprid metabolites on habituation in honeybees suggest the existence of two subtypes of nicotinic receptors differentially expressed during adult development. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 75:217–222.

Kamel, A., G. Dively, D. Hawthorn, and J. Pettis. Unpublished research examining the fate of

imidacloprid and its metabolites in honey bee hives.

Nauen, R.and R. Schmuck. 2001  Bayer. Toxicity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interaction of imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera.  Pest Manag Sci 57:577-586.

Nauen, R., U. Ebbinghaus-Kintscher, V.L. Salgado, and M. Kaussmann. 2003. Bayer. Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid precursor converted to clothianidin in insects and plants. Pest Biochem Physiol  76: 55-69. 

Shah, R.G., J. Lagueux, S. Kapur, P. Levallois, P. Ayotte, M. Tremblay, J. Zee, and G.G. Poirier. 1997. Determination of genotoxicity of the metabolites of the pesticides Guthion, Sencor, Lorox, Reglone, Daconil and Admire by 32P-postlabeling.  Mol Cell Biochem. 169(1-2):177-84.

Suchail, S.,D. Guez, and L. P. Belzunces.2001. Discrepancy between acute and chronic toxicity induced by imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera. Environ Toxicol Chem. 20: 2482–2486.

Suchail, S., L. Debrauwer, and L. P. Belzunces.2003. Metabolism of imidacloprid in Apis mellifera. Pest Manag Sci. 60:291–296.

Suchail, S., G. De Sousa, R. Rahmani, L.P. Belzunces, 2004. In vivo distribution and metabolism of ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in different compartments of Apis mellifera L.  Pest Manag Sci 60: 1056-1062. 

Thyssen, J., L. Machemer. 1999. Imidacloprid: toxicology and metabolism In Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor, ed. I. Yamamoto, J.E. Casida, 213-11. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.

Residues

Bernal J., E. Garrido-Bailon, M.J. del Nozal, A.V. Gonzalez-Porto, R. Martin-Hernandez, J.C. Diego,  J.J. Jimenez, J.L. Bernal, M. Higes.  2010. Overview of pesticide residues in stored pollen and their potential effect on bee colony (Apis mellifera) losses in Spain. J Econ Entomol 103:1964–1971.

Bonmatin, J.M., P.A. Marchand, R. Carvet, M.E. Colin. 1994. Fate of systemic insecticides (imidacloprid and fipronil) and risks for pollinators. First European Conference of Apidology.  Udine. Sept 19-23, 2004. 

Buchholz, A. and R. Nauen. 2002. Translocation and translaminar bioavailability of two neonicotinoid insecticides after foliar application to cabbage and cotton. Pest Manag Sci 58(1): 10–16.

Charvet, M.P., M. Katouzian-Safadi, M.E. Colin, P.A. Marchand, J.M. Bonmatin. 2004. Systemic insecticides: new risk for pollinator insects. Ann Pharm Fr. 62(1): 29-35. 

Chauzat, M. P., J. P. Faucon, A. C. Martel, J. Lachaize, N. Cougoule, and M. Aubert. 2006. A survey of pesticide residues in pollen loads collected by honey bees in France. J. Econ. Entomol. 99:253–262.

Chauzat, M and J. Faucon. 2007. Pesticide residues in beeswax samples collected from honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) in France. Pest Manage Sci. 1106: 1100-1106. 

Dively, G. P., and A. Kamel. 2012. Insecticide residues in pollen and nectar of a cucurbit crop and their potential exposure to pollinators. J Agri Food Chem. 60:4449-4456.

Eitzer, B. 2011. The role of pesticides in honeybee declines. http://www.ct.gov/caes/lib/caes/documents/plant_science_day/plant_science_day_spring/2011/spring_open_house_2011_eitzer.pdf.

Laurent, F.M. and E. Rathahao. 2003. Distribution of [¹⁴C]imidacloprid in sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) following seed treatment. J Agric Food Chem. 51: 8005–8010.

Mohapatra, S., M. Deepa, S. Lekha, B. Nethravathi, B. Radhika, S. Gourishanker. 2012.Residue dynamics of spirotetramat and imidacloprid in/on mango and soil.  Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. DOI:10.1007/s00128-012-0762-0. 

Rortais, A., G. Arnold, M. Halm, R. Touffet-Briens. 2005. Modes of honeybees exposure to systemic insecticides: estimated amounts of contaminated pollen and nectar consumed by different categories of bees. Apidologie 36:71-83.

Smodis Skerl, MI, S. Velikonja Bolta, H. Basa Cesnik,  A. Gregorc.  2009.  Residues of pesticides in honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica) bee bread and in pollen loads from treated apple orchards. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 83:374–377

Stoner, K. and B. Eitzer. Pesticides in pollen collected from honey bee hives in Connecticut. http://www.millersriver.net/pollen/talks/Microsoft%20PowerPoint%20-%20Kim%20Stoner%20pdf%20for%20posting.pdf.

Stork, A., 1999  Residues of 14C-NTN33893 (Imidacloprid) in blossoms of sunflower after seed dressing.  Bayer report #MR-550/99

Guttation Fluid Studies

Girolami, V.L., Mazzon, A. Squatini, N. Mori, M. Marzaro, A. Dibernardo, M. Greatti, C. Giorio, and A. Tapparo. 2009. Translocation of neonicotinoid insecticides from coated seeds to seedling guttation drops: a novel way of intoxication for bees. J Econ Entomol 102: 1808-1815. 

Hoffmann, E. J. and S. J. Castle. 2012. Imidacloprid in melon guttation fluid: A potential mode of exposure for pest and beneficial organisms. J Econ Entomol 105:67-71.

Maresch, Karl. 2009. Bees killed by neo-nicotinoids in expressed maize sap.  http://www.farminguk.com/news/Bees-killed-by-Neo-nicotinoids-in-expressed-Maize-sap10986.asp

Wallner, K. 2011. Orienting experiments on guttation fluid of seed treated maize (Zea mays L) in relation to the water collecting behavior of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)  ICP-BR Bee Protection Symposium, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Nov 2-4, 2011.

Toxicity of Contaminated Dust

Apenet. 2009. Effects of coated maize seed on honey bees.  http://www.cra-api.it/online/immagini/Apenet_2009_eng.pdf

Forster, R. 2009. Bee poisoning caused by insecticidal seed treatment of maize in Germany in 2008. Kulius Kuhn Archive. 423: 126-131. 

Georgiadis, P., J. Pistorius, U. Heimbach, M. Stahler, K.Schwabe. 2011. Dust drift during sowing of maize – effects on honey bees. 11^th International Symposium of the ICP-BR Bee Protection Group.  https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/beebase/index.cfm?pageid=323.

Girolami, V., M. Marzaro, L. Vivan, C. Giorio, D. Marton, A. Tapparo. 2012. Aerial powdering of bees inside mobile cages and the extent of the toxic neonicotinoid cloud surrounding corn drillers. J. Appl. Entomol. 136: 17-36.

Greatti, M., R. Barbattini, A.Stravisi, G.Sabatini, S. Rossi S. 2006. Presence of the a.i. imidacloprid on vegetation near corn fields sown with Gaucho® dressed seeds. Bull Insectol 59(2): 99-103.  http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol59-2006-099-103greatti.pdf

Greatti, M., A.G. Sabatini, R. Barbattini, S. Rossi, and A. Stravisi. 2003. Risk of environmental contamination by the active ingredient imidacloprid used for corn seed dressing: Preliminary results. Bull. Insectol. 56(1): 69–72. http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-069-072greatti.pdf

Heimbach, U., J. Pistorius, K. Schwabe, M. Stahler, D. Rautman, D. Schenke, P-Th. Georgiadis. 2011. Dust drift during sowing of pesticide treated seeds. Julius Kuhn-Institute.  http://precedings.nature.com/documents/5738/version/1.

Krupke. C.H., G.J. Hunt, B.D. Eitzer, G. Andino, K. Given. 2012. Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields. PLoS One. 7(1):  e29268. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029268.

Marzaro, M., L. Vivan, A. Targa, L. Mazzon, N. Mori, M. Greatti, E. Petrucco Toffolo, A. Di Bernardo, C. Giorio, D. Marton, A. Tapparo, V. Girolami.  Lethal aerial powdering of honey bees with neonicotinoids from fragments of maize seed coat. Bull. Insectol. 2011, 64:  119-126.

http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol64-2011-119-126marzaro.pdf.

Sgolastra, F., T. Renzi, S. Draghetti, C. Sciò, P. Medrzycki, M. Lodesani, S. Maini, C. Porrini.

Effects of neonicotinoid dust from maize seed-dressing on honeybees.  11^th International Symposium of the ICPBR Bee Protection Group. 

Tapparo, A., D. Martin, C. Giorio, A. Zanella, L. Solda, M. Marzaro, L. Vivan., V. Girolami. 2012. Assessment of the environmental exposure of honeybees to particulate matter containing neonicotinoid insecticides coming from corn coated seeds.  Environ Sci Technol. 46(5): 2592-9.

Tremolada, P., M. Mazzoleni, F. Saliu, M. Colombo, M. Vighi. 2010. Field trial for evaluating the effects on honeybees of corn sown using Cruiser and Celest xl treated seeds.  Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 85(3): 229-34. 

van der Geest, B. 2010. Bee poisoning incidents in the Pomurje region of Eastern Slovenia in 2011. 4^th European Conference of Apidology. Sept 7-9, 2010. Ankara, Turkey. 

Incident Studies

ApeNet. 2011.  Effects of coated maize seed on honey bees.  Report based on results obtained from the second year (2010) activity of the APENET project.

Bacandritsos, N., A. Granato, G. Budge, I. Papanastasiou, E. Roinioti, M. Caldon, C. Falcaro, A. Gallina, F. Mutinelli. 2010.  Sudden deaths and colony population decline in Greek honey bee colonies. J Invertebr Pathol 105:335–340.

Biesmeijer, J.C., S.P.M. Roberts, M. Reemer, R. Ohlemüller, M. Edwards, T. Peeters, A.P. Schaffers, S.G. Potts, R. Kleukers, C.D. Thomas, J. Settele and W.E. Kunin. 2006. Parallel declines in pollinators and insect pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands, Science 313:  351–354.

Biesmeijer, K. 2008. European wild bees: status and threats. 3^rd European Conference of Apidology. Belfast, Ireland. Sept 8-11, 2008. http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee3_Abstracts_Final.pdf

Bortolotti, L., A.G. Sabatini, D. Tesoriero, P. Medrzycki, F. Mutinelli, M. Astuti, A. Lavazza, R. Piro, F. Sgolastra, C. Porrini. 2008.  Spring honeybee losses in Italy.  3^rd European Conference of Apidology. Belfast, Ireland. Setp 8-11, 2008.  http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee3_Abstracts_Final.pdf

Cameron, S.A., J.D. Lozier, J.P. Strange, J.B. Koch, N. Cordes, L.F. Solter, T.L. Griswold.  2011. Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees.  PNAS 108(2): 662-667.

Cane, J.H. and V.J. Tepedino. 2001. Causes and extent of declines among native North American invertebrate pollinators: detection, evidence, and consequences. Conserv Ecol. 5:1.

Canadian Association of Professional Apiculturists (CAPA) Report of Bee Losses. 2010.  http://capabees.com/main/files/pdf/2010winterloss.pdf.

Canadian Association of Professional Apiculturists (CAPA) Report of Bee Losses (CAPA). 2011.  http://www.capabees.com/main/files/pdf/canwinloss.pdf.

Carvalho, S., T. Roat, A. Pereira, E. Silva-Zacain, R. Nocelli, O. Malaspina. 2011. Brazilian bee loss. 4^th European Conference of Apidology. (Eurobee 2010). Sept 7-9, 2011. Ankara, Turkey.

Colla, S.R. and L. Packer. 2008. Evidence for decline in eastern North American bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidea), with special focus on Bombus affinis Cresson, Biodiversity and Conservation 17:1379–1391.

Crailsheim, K., R. Brodschneider, U. Riessberger-Galle. 2004. 3^rd European Conference of Apidology. Belfast. Sept 8-11, 2008. Analysis of colony losses in Austria (2007/2008) – strategies of monitoring and parameters to be tested.

Ellis, J.D., J.D. Evans, J.S. Pettis.  2010. Colony losses, managed colony population

decline, and colony collapse disorder in the United States. J Apicul Research 49, 134–136.

Faucon, J. P., L. Mathieu,M. Ribière,A-C. Martel, P. Drajnudel, S. Zeggane, C. Aurières,and M.F.A. Aubert. 2002. Honey bee winter mortality in France in 1999 and 2000. Bee World 83: 14–23.

Finley, J., S. Camazine, and M. Frazier, 1996. The epidemic of honey bee colony losses during the 1995-1996 season. Am Bee J. 136:805-808.

Fitzpatrick, U., M.G. Murray, R.J. Paxton, J. Breen, D. Cotton, V. Santorum and M.J.F. Brown. 2007.  Rarity and decline in bumblebees – a test of causes and correlates in the Irish fauna, Biological Conservation 136:185–194.

Goulson, D.  2006. The demise of the bumblebee in Britain, Biologist 53:294–299.

Grixti, J.C., L.T. Wong, S.A. Cameron and C.Favret. 2009. Decline of bumble bees (Bombus) in the North American Midwest.  Biological Conservation.  142 (1): 75-84. 

Health Canada Incident Reporting System.  http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pest/registrant-

titulaire/reporting-declaration/index-eng.php.

Hendrikx P., Chauzat M.P., Debin M., Neuman P., Fries I., Ritter W., Brown M., Mutinelli F., Le Conte Y., Gregorc A. (2009) Bee Mortality and Bee Surveillance in Europe, EFSA-Report, http:// www.efsa.europa.eu.

Janke, M., W. von der Ohe, D. Brasse, R. Forster.  Colony losses – interactions of plant protection products and other factors. Julius-Kühn-Archiv, 423, 2009, 10th International Symposium of the ICP-BR Bee Protection Group, Hazards of Pesicides to bees, Bukarest 08. – 10. Oktober 2008, S. 153 – 154.

Janke, M., P. Rosenkranz.  Bee poisoning incidents in Germany: preliminary results from a four years monitoring project. Julius-Kühn-Archiv, 423, 2009, 10th International Symposium of the ICP-BR Bee Protection Group, Hazards of Pesicides to bees, Bukarest 08. – 10. Oktober 2008, S. 108 – 117.

Jones, W.A. 2007. Future Development on the Australian Honey Bee Industry.  Testimony - House of Representatives Standing Committee on Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 

Kosior, A., W. Celary, P. Olejniczak, J. Fijal, W. Król, W. Solarz and P. Plonka. 2007. The decline of the bumble bees and cuckoo bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini) of western and central Europe, Oryx 41: 79–88.

Mullin, C.A., M. Frazier, J.L. Frazier, S. Ashcraft, R. Simonds, D. vanEngelsdorp,

J.S. Pettis, J.S. 2010. High levels of miticides and agrochemicals in North American

apiaries: implications for honey bee health. PLoS ONE 5 (3), e9754. http://

dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009754.

Neumann, P. 2008. An introduction to honeybee colony losses. 3^rd European Conference of Apidology. Belfast, Ireland. Sept 8-11, 2012.  http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee3_Abstracts_Final.pdf

Neumann P. and NL Carreck. 2010.  Honey bee colony loss. J Apic Res. 49(special issue):1–6

Notestine, M., S. Chen, K.A. MacKenzie, and A.L. Averill. A comparison of current and historical native bee populations in Massachusetts cranberry: evidence of decline (in preparation for Conservation Biology).

Notestine, M., S. L. Haire, S. Chen, and A.L. Averill. Effects of agricultural intensification on native pollinators of Massachusetts cranberry (in preparation for Conservation Biology).

Pistorius, J., G. Bischoff, U. Heimbach, and M. Stähler. 2009. Bee poisoning incidents in Germany in spring 2008 caused by abrasion of active substance from treated seeds during sowing of maize.  pp. 118 – 126 in P. A. Oomen and H. M. Thompson (editors) In Hazards of Pesticides to Bees, 10th International Symposium of the ICP‐BR Bee Protection Group, Bucharest (Romania), October 8 – 10, 2008. Julius Kühn Arch 423

Porrini, C., A.G. Sabatini, S. Girotti, F. Fini, L. Monaco, G. Celli, L. Bortolotti, S. Ghini. 2003. The death of honey bees and environmental pollution by pesticides: the honey bees as biological indicators. Bull Insectol  56(1): 147-152.  http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-147-152porrini.pdf

Porrini C., Sgolastra F., Sabatini A.G. 2008. Rete per il monitoraggio dei fenomeni di spopolamento e mortalità degli alveari in Italia (APENET). Apoidea, 5(2): 83-87.

Potts, S.G., S.P.M. Roberts, R. Dean, G. Marris, M. Brown, R. Jones, and J. Settele. 2008. Status and trends of honeybees in Europe: severe declines in central Europe. 3^rd European Conference of Apidology. Belfast. Sept 8-11, 2008.

Project MELISSA. 2012. Investigations on the occurrence of bee losses in corn and canola-growing regions of Austria and possible association with bee disease and the use of pesticides.

http://bee-life.eu/en/doc/199/.

http://bee-life.eu/medias/temp/melissa_austrian-monitoring.pdf

Rasmont, P., A. Pauly, M. Terzo, S. Patiny, D. Michez, S. Iserbyt, Y. Barbier and E. Haubruge. 2006.  The survey of wild bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in Belgium and France, Status of the World’s Pollinators, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, p. 18.

Rogers, R.E.L. and J.R. Kemp. 2003. Bayer.  Imidacloprid, potatoes, and honey bees in Atlantic Canada: is there a connection? Bull. Insectol. 56:83-88.  http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-083-088rogers.pdf

Sarospataki, M.,  J. Novak and M. Viktoria. 2005. Assessing the threatened status of bumble bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Hungary, Central Europe, Biodiversity and Conservation 14:  2437–2446.

Thompson, H. M. and D. Thorbahn. 2009. Review of honey bee pesticide poisoning incidents in Europe – evaluation of the hazard quotient approach for risk assessment. In P. A. Oomen and H. M. Thompson (editors) Hazards of Pesticides to Bees 10th International Symposium on the ICP‐BR Bee Protection Group. Bucharest (Romania), October 8 – 10, 2008. Julius Kühn Arch

UNEP Report. 2011. Global Honey Bee Colony Disorder and Other Threats to Insect Pollinators.

http://www.unep.org/dewa/Portals/67/pdf/Global_Bee_Colony_Disorder_and_Threats_insect_pollinators.pdf. 

Van der Zee, R., et al. 2008. Honeybee colony losses 2009-10 in 23 countries using mainly the COLOSS 2009-10 questionnaire. 4^th European Conference of Apidology. Ankar, Turkey. Sept 07-09, 2010.  http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee5_2010_Abst.pdf

Van der Zee, R. 2010. Colony losses in the Netherlands. J Apicultural Research. 49(1):121-123. 

Van der Zee, R. et al. 2012. Managed honey bee colony losses in Canada, China, Europe, Israel, and Turkey for the winters of 2008-9 and 2009-10. J Apicultural Research. 51(1): 100-114.

vanEngelsdorp, D., D. Cox Foster, M. Frazier, N. Ostiguy, and J. Hayes. 2007. “Fall dwindle

disease”: Investigations into the causes of sudden and alarming colony losses

experienced by beekeepers in the fall of 2006. Preliminary report: First revision.

http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/pressReleases/FallDwindleUpdate0107.pdf

vanEngelsdorp, D., J Hayes (Jr), R. M. Underwood, J. Pettis. 2008. A Survey of Honey Bee Colony Losses in the U. S., Fall 2007 to Spring 2008. PLoSONE 3(12):e4071.doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0004071.

vanEnglesdorp, D. et al. 2012. A national survey of managed honey bee 2010-11 winter colony losses in the USA: results from the Bee Informed Partnership. J Apicultural Research. 51(1): 115-124.

Reviews of Registrant Studies

Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. 2007. Imidacloprid. Scientific supporting document.  Canadian Council of Ministers of the Enviornment, Winnepeg.  http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/imidacloprid_ssd_1388.pdf. 

Review of the fate and toxicological effects of imidacloprid to non-target organisms. 

European Commission Working Document on Clothianidin. Finalized in the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health at its meeting on Jan 27, 2006. 

http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/newactive/list_clothianidin.pdf.

European Commission Working Document for Thiamethoxam. Finalized in the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health at its July 14, 2006 meeting.

http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/newactive/thiamethoxam_en.pdf.

European Draft Assessment Report: Imidacloprid. Annex B, B.7. February 2006

Fossen, M. 2006. Environmental Fate of Imidacloprid. Department of Pesticide Regulation, California. 

http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/Imidclprdfate2.pdf.

(also contains reviews of ecotox studies for bees).

Health Canada. Pest Management Regulatory Agency. 2007. Evaluation Report for Thiamethoxam.

http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2007/pmra-arla/H113-26-2007-1E.pdf.

Health Canada PMRA (Pest Management Regulatory Agency). 1995. Imidacloprid NTN (33893). Chapter 3: Impact on human and animal health. Draft.

Health Canada PMRA. Veridian 0.33G and Veridian 25WG containing thiamethoxam. ERC2011-05.

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/pest/_decisions/erc2011-05/index-eng.php

Health Canada PMRA (Pest Management Regulatory Agency). 2001. Imidacloprid. Regulatory Note. REG2001-11. Ottawa: Health Canada, Pest Management Regulatory Agency. Available at http://www.pmra-arla.gc.ca/english/pdf/reg/reg2001-11-e.pdf

Scientific and Technical Committee on the Study of Multifactorial Disorders of Bees. 2003. Imidacloprid used in seed coatings and disorders of honey bees.  https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B-ALJSQEiEvRbDBwT3RQdVpDNlE.

U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1994. Office of Pesticides Programs.

Toxoneliners: Imidacloprid. Washington, D.C., p.1.

U.S. EPA. 2003. Clothianidin Pesticide Fact Sheet.

http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/clothianidin.pdf.

U.S. EPA. Feb 2003. Miachel Rexrode et al. EFED risk assessment for the seed treatment of clothianidin 600 FS on corn and canola.  http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2003-02-20a.pdf

U.S. EPA. April 2003. Miachel Rexrode. Addendum referring to EFED’s risk assessment on clothianidin use as a seed treatment on corn and canola.  http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2003-04-10a.pdf.

U.S. EPA. Mar 2003. Data evaluation record for Bayer pollinator field study.  Maus and Schoning. 

Effects of Diet (Sugar Solution) Spiked with TI-435 (Imidacloprid) Technical on Behavior and Mortality of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera).

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2003-03-20i-45422434.pdf.

U.S. EPA. Mar 2003. Data evaluation record for Bayer pollinator field study.  Schmuck and Schoning.  Residues of TI-435 in Nectar Blossoms, Pollen and Honey Bees Sampled from a British Summer Rape Field and Effects of These Residues on Foraging Honey Bees.   http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2003-03-20h-45422433.pdf.

U.S. EPA. Mar 2003. Data evaluation record for Bayer pollinator field study.  Schmuck and Schoning.  Residues of TI-435 in Nectar Blossoms, Pollen and Honey Bees Sampled from a French Summer Rape Field and Effects of These Residues on Foraging Honey Bees.  http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2003-03-20h-45422433.pdf.

U.S. EPA. Mar 2003. Data evaluation record for Bayer pollinator field study. Maus and Schoning.  Effects of TI-435 Technical Residues in Pollen on the Development of Small Bee Colonies and on Behavior and Mortality of Honey Bees.  http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2003-03-20L-45422440.pdf.

U.S. EPA. Mar 2003. Data evaluation record for Bayer pollinator field study.  Scott-Dupree, Spivak, Bruns, Blenkinsop, Nelson.  The Impact of GAUCHO@ and TI-435 Seed Treated Canola on Honey Bees, Apis mellifera L. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2003-03-20j-45422435.pdf.

U.S. EPA. Mar 2003. Data evaluation record for Bayer pollinator field study.  Maus and Schoning.  Residue Levels of TI-435 FS 600 and its Relevant Metabolites in Pollen of Maize Plants from Dressed Seeds (Test Location: Farmland "Hofchen"). http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2003-03-20K-45422439.pdf.

U.S. EPA. July 2003. Data evaluation record for Bayer pollinator field study.  Schmuck and Schoning.  Residues of TI-435 in Nectar Blossoms, Pollen and Honey Bees Sampled from a Summer Rape Field in Sweden and Effects of These Residues on Foraging Honey Bees.  http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2003-07-16a-45422431.pdf. 

U.S. EPA. Nov 2004. Federoff. EFED chapter for clothianidin for use on tobacco, turf, apples, pears, and ornamentals.  http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2004-11-24a.pdf.

U.S. EPA. Sept 2005. Federoff. EFED chapter for clothianidin for use on potatoes and grapes as a spray treatment and as a seed treatment for sorghum and cotton.  http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2005-09-28a.pdf.

U.S. EPA. Nov 2007. Vaughan. Review of Cutler field study:  An Investigation of the Potential Long Term Impact of Clothianidin Seed Treated Canola on Honey Bees, Apis melilfera L.

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2007-11-16a.pdf

U.S. EPA. 2008. Ecological Risk Assessment for the Section 3 New Use Registration of Thiamethoxam on Citrus Fruits and Tree Nuts. Sujatha Sankula and Faruque Khan.

U.S. EPA. Nov. 2010. Decant. Reclassification of Cutler field study.  http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2010-11-02a.pdf.

U.S. EPA. Nov 2010. Decant. Clothianidin registration of Prosper T400 seed treatment on mustard seed and Poncho/Votivo seed treatment on cotton.  http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2010-11-02b.pdf.

U.S. EPA. Dec 2010. Revised assessment for clothianidin registration of Prosper T400 seed treatment on mustard seed and Poncho/Votivo seed treatment on cotton.  http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-2010-12-03b.pdf.

U.S. EPA. Dec 2010. Steeger. Rereview of Cutler field study.  http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-090201-113501-079801-2010-12-22a.pdf.

U.S. EPA. Dec 2010. Pease. Reclassification of Cutler field study.  http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044309/044309-090201-113501-079801-2010-12-22a.pdf.

U.S. EPA. May 31, 2011. Memorandum. Barry O' Keefe and Leung Cheng. Dinotefuran Section 18 Emergency Exemption for Use on Pome Fruits and Stone Fruits in Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, and North Carolina to Control Stink Bugs.

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chemical/foia/cleared-reviews/reviews/044312/044312.htm.

U.S. EPA. 2011. Ecological risk assessment for the proposed rate increase of thiamethoxam as a seed treatment and foliar spray for cotton.  Anita Ullagaddi and Christopher Koper.

USDA, Forest Service. Imidacloprid – Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment. Dec 28, 2005.  http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/pesticide/pdfs/122805_Imidacloprid.pdf. 

Summary Reviews of Literature Articles

Association of Institutes for Bee Research Report of the 56^th Seminar in Schwerin. March 24-26, 2009. Apidologie. 40(6): 651-670.

Blacquiere, T., G. Smagghe, C. van Gestel, V. Mommaerts. 2012. Neonicotinoids in bees: a review on concentrations, side-effects, and risk assessment. Ecotoxicology. 21(4): 973-92.

Congressional Research Service.  Renee Johnson. Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder. Jan 7, 2010.

http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33938.pdf. 

Cox, C. 2001. Insecticide Fact Sheet: Imidacloprid. J Pest Reform. 21(1):15-21.

Extension Toxicology Network (EXTOXNET). 1998. Imidacloprid Pesticide Information Profile. [Online]. Available at http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/imidaclo.htm. (Verified 09 January 2006). Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.

Hopwood, J., M. Vaughan, M. Shepherd, D. Biddinger, E. Mader, S.H. Black, C. Mazzacano. 2012. Are neonicotinoids killing bees?  Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.  http://www.xerces.org/neonicotinoids-and-bees/.  

ICP-BR Bee Protection Group. 7^th International Symposium of the ICP-BR Bee Protection Group. Hazards of Pesticides to Bees. Les Colloques No.98. INRA, Paris. 

ICP-BR Bee Protection Group.  Proceedings of the 8^th International Symposium of the ICP-BR Bee Protection Group. Hazards of Pesticides to Bees. Bologna, Italy. Sept 4-6, 2002.  Bull Insect. 56: 1-206. 

ICP-BR Bee Protection Group. 9^th International Symposium of the ICP-BR Bee Protection Group.  Hazards of Pesticides to Bees. Lakeside Conference Centre of the Central Science Laboratory. Oct 12-14, 2005.  Pest Manage Sci. 63(11): 1047-1050.

 ICP-BR Bee Protection Group. 10^th International Symposium of the ICP-BR Bee Protection Group.  Hazards of pesticides to bees. Bucharest, Romania, Oct 8-10, 2008.  http://www.jki.bund.de/fileadmin/dam_uploads/_veroeff/JKI_Archiv/JKI_Archiv_423.pdf

ICP-BR Bee Protection Group. 11^th International Symposium of the ICP-BR Bee Protection Group. Wageningan, The Netherlands. Nov 2-4, 2011.  https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/beebase/index.cfm?pageid=323

Johnson, R. M., M.D. Ellis, C.A. Mullin, M. Frazier. 2010. Pesticides and honey bee toxicity – USA. Apidologie. 41:312-331. 

Kindemba, V. 2009. The impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on bumblebees, honey bees and other non-target invertebrates. Buglife Invertebrate Conservation Trust, UK. 

http://www.buglife.org.uk/resources/buglife/revised%20neonics%20report.pdf.

Maini, S., P. Medrzycki, C. Porrini. 2010. The puzzle of the honey bee losses: a brief review. Bull Insect. 63: 153-160.  http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol63-2010-153-160maini.pdf.

National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC). 2010. Imidacloprid Technical Fact Sheet.  http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/imidacloprid.pdf.

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 2007. Denial of application for registration of four new pesticide products which contain clothiandin. July 17, 2007. 

http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/insect-mite/cadusafos-cyromazine/clothianidin/clothianidin_den_0707.pdf.

Orme, S. and S. Kegley. 2003. PAN Pesticide Database, Pesticide Action Network. Imidacloprid. www.pesticideinfo.org. 

Proceedings of the First European Conference of Apidology, Udine. September 19-23, 2004.  http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee1_Abstract_New.pdf

Proceedings of the Second European Conference of Apidology. Prague. Sept 10-16, 2006.  http://www.eurbee.org/Files/Sbornik%20EurBee%20pro%20web.pdf.

Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Apidology. Belfast, Ireland. Sept 8-11, 2008.

http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee3_Abstracts_Final.pdf

Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference of Apidology. Ankara, Turkey.  Sept 7-9, 2010

http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee5_2010_Abst.pdf.

The First International Symposium and Workshop on Honey Bee Behavioral Plasticity. Ankara, Turkey. Sept 7-9, 2010. Bull Insect. 64(1): 151-152.  http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol64-2011-151-152abramson.pdf

USDA. 2010. Colony Collapse Disorder Progress Report. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/br/ccd/ccdprogressreport2010.pdf.

Wallner, K.  Neonicotinoids and Pollinators.  2011. http://www.slu.se/PageFiles/103909/Klaus_Wallner.pdf

Risk Assessment Process and Tests for Bees

Alix, A. and C. Vergnet. 2007. Risk assessment to honey bees: a scheme developed in France for non-sprayed systemic compounds. Pest Manag Sci. 63: 1069–1080.

Alix, A., M. P. Chauzat, S. Duchard, G. Lewis, C. Maus, M. J. Miles. E. Pilling, H. M. Thompson, K. Wallner. 2009. Environmental Risk Assessment Scheme for Plant Protection Products – Chapter 10: Honey bees – Proposed Scheme. Pages 27 ‐ 33 in P. A. Oomen and H. M. Thompson (editors) International Commission for Plant‐Bee Relationships Bee Protection Group 10th International Symposium Hazards of Pesticides to Bees, Buscharest (Romania). October 8 – 10, 2008. Julius – Kühn Archiv

Alix, A., M. P. Chauzat, S. Duchard, G. Lewis, C. Maus, M. J. Miles, E. Piling, H. M. Thompson, and K. Wallner. 2009. Guidance for the assessment of risks to bees from the use of plant protection products applied as seed coating and soil applications – conclusions of the ICP‐BR dedicated working group. Pages 15 – 27 in P. A. Oomen and H. M. Thompson (editors) Hazards of Pesticides to Bees, 10th International Symposium of the ICP‐BR Bee Protection Group, Bucharest (Romania), October 8 – 10, 2008. Julus Kühn Arch 423.

Aupinel, P. D. Fortini, B. Michaud, P. Mderzycki, E. Padovani, D. Przygoda, C. Maus, J‐D. Charriere, V. Kilchenmann, U. Riessberger‐Galle, J. J. Vollmann, L Jeker, M. Janke, J‐F. Odoux, J‐N. 2009. Pesticide toxicity on honebee brood in laboratory conditions.  Pages 96 – 102 in P. A. Oomen and H. M. Thompson (editors) Hazards of Pesticides to Bees 10th International

Symposium of the ICP‐BR Bee Protection Group. Bucharest (Romania), October 8 – 9, 2008.

Julius Kühn Archiv 423.

Aupinel, P.D., Fortini, D., Dufour, H., Tasei, J.N., Michaud, B., Odoux, J.F., Pham-Delegue, M.H., 2005. Improvement of artificial feeding in a standard in vitro method for rearing Apis mellifera larvae. Bull Insectol 58, 107–111.

Aupinel, P.D., Fortini, D., Michaud, F., Marolleau, J., Tasei, J.N., Odoux, J.F., 2007.

Toxicity of dimethoate and fenoxycarb to honey bee brood (Apis mellifera), using a new in vitro standardized feeding method. Pest Manage Sci 63: 1090–1094.

Bakker, F. and J. Calis. 2003. A semi-field approach to testing effects of fresh or aged pesticide residues on bees in multiple-rate test designs. Bull Insectology 56(1):97-102. http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-097-102bakker.pdf

Celli, G. and B. Maccagnani. 2003. Honey bees as bioindicators of environmental pollution. Bull Insect. 56(1): 137-139.  http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-137-139celli.pdf

Decourtye, A., C. Bagnis, J. Devillers, F. Brun, P. Aupinel, J. Fourrier, M. Gauthier. 2010. A methodology to evaluate the effects of pesticides to honeybees: Recording individual behavior using microchips.  4^th European Conference of Apidology. Ankar, Turkey. Sept 07-09, 2010.  http://www.eurbee.org/Files/EurBee5_2010_Abst.pdf

Decourtye, A., J. Devillers, P. Aupinel, F. Brun, C. Bagnis, J. Fourrier, M. Gauthier.  2011. Honeybee tracking with microchips: a new methodology to measure the effects of pesticides.  Ecotoxicology 20:429–437

Eisenbeck, B. M., D. E. Mullins, S.M. Salom and L. T. Kok. 2009. Evaluation of ELISA for

imidacloprid detection in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) wood and needle tissues.

Pest Manag. Sci: 65: 122–128

EPPO. 1993. Decision making scheme for the environmental risk assessment of plant protection

products. Chapter 10 Honeybees. Bull. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 23: 151-165.Halm, M, A. Rortais, G. Arnold, N. Tasei, S. Rault. 2006. New risk assessment approach for systemic insecticides: the case of honey bees and imidacloprid (Gaucho). Environ Sci Technol. 40:2448-2454.

Kevan, PG. 1990. Pollinators as bioindicators of the state of the environment: species, activity, and diversity. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 74: 373-393. 

Khoury, D.S., M.R. Myerscough, A.B. Barron. 2011. A quantitative model of honey bee colony population dynamics. PLoSONE. 6(4): e18491. Doi:10.1371/jounal.pone.0018491. 

Laramee, S. 2007. Honeybees as bioindicators of ecotoxicological pollutant: the case of the insecticide imidacloprid. M. Sci. thesis. University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.

Pham-Delegue, M-H., A. Decourtye, L. Kaiser, J. Devillers. 2002. Behavioural methods to assess the effects of pesticides on honey bees. Apidologie. 33(5): 425-432. 

Schur, A., I. Tornier, D. Brasse, W. Muhler, W. Von Der Ohe, K. Wallner, M. Wehling. 2003. Honey bee brood ring-test in 2002: Method for the assessment of side effects of plant protection products on the honey bee brood under semi-field condition.  Bull Insectol 56(1): 91-96.

Smirle, M.J., M.L. Winston, and K.L. Woodward. 1984. Development of a sensitive bioassay for evaluating sublethal pesticide effects on the honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae).

J Econ Entomol 77:63-67.

Steen J., J. M. Van Der. 2001. Review of the methods to determine the hazard and toxicity of pesticides to bumblebees. Apidologie, 32: 399-406.

Tasei, J-N., M-H. Pham-Delegue, L. Belzunces. 2003. Registration of systemic insecticides and EPPO guidelines. Bull Insect. 56(1): 189-191.  http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-189-191tasei.pdf

Thompson, H. M. and C. Maus. Bayer. 2007. Perspective: the relevance of sublethal effects in honey bee testing for pesticide risk assessment. Pest Manag Sci. 63:1058 – 1061.

Thompson, H. M., 2001. Assessing the exposure and toxicity of pesticides to bumblebees (Bombus sp.). Apidologie, 32:305-321.

Thompson, H. M. 2003. Behavioural effects of pesticides in bees: their potential for use in risk assessment. Ecotoxicology 12: 317–330.

Thompson, H. M., Hunt L. V. 1999. Extrapolating from honeybees to bumblebees in pesticide risk assessment. Ecotoxicology, 8: 147-166.

Thompson, H. M. and C. Maus. Bayer. 2007. Perspective: the relevance of sublethal effects in honey bee testing for pesticide risk assessment. Pest Manag Sci. 63:1058 – 1061.

Thompson, H.M. 2010. Risk assessment for honey bees and pesticides ‐ recent developments and new issues. Pest Manag Sci. 66:1157‐1162.

Venturi, S., P. Medrzycki, G. Bogo, S.Tosi, F.Sgolastra, M. Lodesani: A new experimental method for studying trophallaxis as an additional determining factor in the effects of chemicals on foraging bees (Apis mellifera).  11^th International Symposium of the ICP-BR Bee Protection Group. The Netherlands. Nov 2-4, 2011.

Villa, S., M. Vighi, A. Finizio, G.B. Serini. 2000.  Risk assessment for honeybees from pesticide-exposed pollen. Ecotoxicology 9:287-97.

Xu, T., C.M. Jacobsen, I. K. Cho, A. H. Hara, Q.X. Li. 2006. Application of an enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay for the analysis of imidacloprid in Wiliwili tree, Erythrina sandwicensis O. Deg. For control of the wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae.  J Agric Food Chem. 54: 8444-8449. 

Published Articles Claiming No Effects from Neonicotinoids

 at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations

Chauzat, M.P., P. Carpentier, A.C. Martel, S. Bougeard, N. Cougoule, P. Porta, J. Lachaize, F. Madec, M. Aubert, J.P. Faucon. 2009. Influence of pesticide residues on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony health in France. Environ Entomol. 38(3): 514-23.  

Chauzat, M. P., J. P. Faucon, A. C. Martel, J. Lachaize, N. Cougoule, and M. Aubert. 2006. A survey of pesticide residues in pollen loads collected by honey bees in France. J. Econ. Entomol. 99:253–262.

Cresswell, J.E. 2011. A meta-analysis of experiments testing the effects of a neonicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid) on honey bees.  Ecotoxicology 20(1): 149-57.

Cresswell, J.E., N. Desneux, D. van Engelsdorp. 2012. Dietary traces of neonicotinoid pesticides as a cause of population declines in honey bees: an evaluation by Hill’s epidemiological criteria. Pest Manage Sci.  68(6): 819-827. 

Curé, G., H. W. Schmidt, and R. Schmuck.Bayer. 2000. Results of a comprehensive field research programme with the systemic insecticide imidacloprid (Gaucho). Belzunces, L. P.,C. Pelissier, and G. B. Lewis  (eds) Hazards of Pesticides to Bees. 49–59. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Avignon, France.

Cutler, G.C., C.D. Scott-Dupree. 2007. Bayer contract study. Exposure to clothianidin seed-treated canola has no long-term impact on honey bees. J Econ Entomol. 100(3): 765-772. 

Faucon, J-P et al. 2004. Etude experimentale de la toxicite de l’imidaclopride distribute dans le sirop de nourrisseurs a des colonies d’abeilles (Apis mellifera).  http://www.affaire-gaucho-regent.com/pdf_abeilles/Rapportafssa2004.pdf.

Maus, C., G. Cure, R. Schmuck. 2003. Bayer.  Safety of imidacloprid seed dressings to honey bees: a comprehensive overview and compilation of the current state of knowledge. Bull Insectol 56(1): 51-57.  http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-051-057maus.pdf

Nauen, R., U. Ebbinghaus-Kintscher, and R. Schmuck. 2001. Bayer. Toxicity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interaction of imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Bayer. Pest Manag Sci. 57: 577–586.

Nguyen, B.K., C. Saegerman, C. Pirard, J. Mignon, J. Widart, F.J. Verheggen, D. Berkvens, E. De Pauw, E. Haubruge. 2009. Does imidacloprid seed-treated maize have an impact on honey bee mortality?  J. Econ Entomol. 102(2):616-23.

Reetz, J.E., S. Zuhlke, M. Spiteller, K. Wallner. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticides translocated in guttation droplets of seed-treated maize and wheat: a threat to honeybees? Apidologie. 42(5): 596-606.

Schmuck, R., Bayer.1999. Bayer. No causal relationship between Gaucho® seed dressing in sunflowers and the French bee syndrome. Pflanzenschutz-Nachr. Bayer 52:257–299.

Schmuck, R., Bayer. 2004. Bayer. Effects of a chronic dietary exposure of the honeybee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to imidacloprid. Bayer. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 47:471-78.

Schmuck, R., R. Nauen, U. Ebbinghaus-Kintscher. Bayer. 2003. Effects of imidacloprid and common plant metabolites of imidacloprid in the honeybee: Toxicological and biochemical considerations. Bull Insectol 56(1): 27-34.  http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-027-034schmuck.pdf

Schmuck, R.,R. Schöning,A. Stork,and O. Schramel.Bayer. 2001. Risk posed to honeybees (Apis mellifera L, Hymenoptera) by an imidacloprid seed dressing of sunflowers. Pest Manag Sci. 57: 225–238.

Schnier, H., G. Wenig, F. Laubert, V. Simon, R. Schmuck. 2003. Bayer. Honey bee safety of imidacloprid corn seed treatment. Bull Insectol. 56(1): 73-75. http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-073-075schnier.pdf

Scott-Dupree, C.D., L. Conroy, C.R. Harris. 2009. Bayer contract study. Impact of currently useful insecticides for canola agroecosystems on Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidea), Megachile rotundata (Hymentoptera: Megachilidae) and Osmia lignaria (Hymentoptera: Megachilidae). J Econ Entomol. 102(1): 177-82.

Stadler, T., D.M. Gines, and M. Buteler, 2003. Bayer contract study.  Long-term toxicity assessment of imidacloprid to evaluate side effects on honey bees exposed to treated sunflower in Argentina. Bull Insectol 56(1): 77-81.  http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol56-2003-077-081stadler.pdf

 Tasei, J.N., G. Ripault, and E. Rivault. 2001. Hazards of imidacloprid seed coating to Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) when applied to sunflower. J Econ Entomol. 94(3): 623–627.

Tasei, J.N., J. Lerin, G. Ribault. 2000. Sub-lethal effects of imidacloprid on bumblebees, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) during a laboratory feeding test. Pest Manag Sci. 56:784-88.

Bee Toxicity Studies Conducted by Bayer or Their Contractors and Summarized in the European Commission Draft Assessment Report, Annex B.9 and B.8 for Imidacloprid. 2006.

Bakker, F.M. 2003. A multiple cage test to study effects of Confidor SL 200 on honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) when applied to flowering Phacelia tanacetifolia 24, 48, 96 hours before bee exposure. Study no. B075AMS. Bayer AG, Crop Protection, Leverkusen, Germany. 

Bakker, F.M. 2001. Confidor SL 200: a multiple rate cage study to determine effects on honeybees, Apis mellifera L. when applied to flowering Phacelia tanacetifolia. Study no. B074AMS. Bayer AG Crop Protection, Leverkusen, Germany.

Barth, M. 2000 and 2001. Acute toxicity of metabolites A, B, C (SL 200 formulated product, urea and 6-CNA) and imidacloprid to the honeybee, A.mellifera. 0010480502b, 0010480501, 0010480502c, 011048048.

Barth, M. 2000. Chronic dietary toxicity of imidacloprid metabolites (urea and 6-CNA) to honeybees from laboratory tests.  BIE2003-161.

Brasse, D. 1999. Side effects of imidacloprid on honeybees by seed dressed summer rape in a tunnel test. Biologische Bundesanstalt for Land-und Forstwirtschaft, Braunschweig, Germany.

Cole, J.H. 1994.  The acute oral and contact toxicity to honeybees of compound NTN 33893 technical. BAY 158/901384. Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd., Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, UK. 

Contoni, A. 1998. Side effects of Confidor SL 200 on bees following one application to apple trees at the mouse ear state. Report no. ITA-98-901. Bayer S.P.A., Italia, Milano.

Drescher, W. 1990. Examination of bee toxicity of NTN 33893 for registration purposes. Consecutive No.:90/02. Institute fur Landwirtschaftliche Zoologie und Bienenkunde der Universitat Bonn, Germany, Rep no. 900240 and 900239.

De Ruijter, A. 1999.  Bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) contact toxicity study in the laboratory with imidacloprid techn. AH99.4.22.1. Ambrosiushoeve, Hilvarenbeck, The Netherlands.

De Ruijter, A. 1999. Bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) oral toxicity study in the laboratory with imidacloprid techn. AH99.4.22.1. Ambrosiushoeve, Hilvarenbeck, The Netherlands.

Hancock, G.A., et al. 1992. NTN33893: Toxicity to honeybees on alfalfa treated foliage. Study no. N3772902. Miles Residue Analytical Laboratory, Kansas City, Missouri.

Harris, J.L. 1999. Evaluation of Gaucho seed dressing applied to canola on the honey bee (Apis mellifera L) at Indian Head, Saskatchewan (Indian Head Research Station site). MO-03-000723. Agriculture and Agri-Food Research Station at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Kemp, J.R. and R.E.L. Rogers. 2002. Imidacloprid (Admire) residue levels following in-furrow application in potato fields in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. MO-02-006773. University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada; Wildwood Labs, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Kirchner, W.H. 1998. The effects of sublethal doses of imidacloprid on the foraging behavior and orientation ability of honeybees. MO-03-000206. Konstanz University Biology Faculty, Konstanz, Germany.

Kirchner, W.H. 2000. The effects of sublethal doses of imidacloprid, dihydroxy-imidacloprid, and olefin-imidacloprid on the behavior of honeybees. MO-03-000205. Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Fakultat fur Biologie, Bochum, Germany.

Mayer, D.F. et al. 1991. Integrated pest and pollinators investigations (including honey bee toxicity of NTN 33893). Miles Report No. 103815.  Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA.

Mayer, D.F. et al., 1991. Differences between susceptibility of four pollinator species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) to field weathered insecticide residues. Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA.

Maus, Ch. 2002. Evaluation of the effects of residues of imidacloprid FS 600 in maize pollen from dressed seeds on honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the semifield. E 319 2046–5 and 319 1912-6.  Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.

Pham-Delegue, M-H. and S. Cluzeau. 1999. Effects of crop protection products on bees, effects of GAUCHO seed dressing on losses of foraging bees. MO-03-011487. Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparee des Invertebres, INRA, Bures-sur-Yvette, France.

Placke, F.J. 1998. Long-term soil dissipation study with Confidor 70 WG in apple orchards in Germany following spray application. MR-758/98. Five-year residue study in an apple orchard.  Bayer AG.

Placke, F.J. 1998. Long-term soil dissipation study with Zelmone 350 FS in Great Britain following seed dressing of winter barley. MR-196/98. Bayer Crop-Science.

Schmidt, H.W. et al. 1998. The impact of Gaucho 70 WS seed treated sunflower seeds on honey bees. BF 1/98. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.

Schmitzer, S. 1995 -2001.  Acute toxicity of formulated imidacloprid to honeybees as determined according to EPPO Guideline No. 170.  BIE2003-202; BIE2003-203; BIE2003-148.

Schmuck, R. and R. Schoening. 1999. Residue levels of imidacloprid and imidacloprid metabolites in honeybees orally dosed with imidacloprid in standardized toxicity tests (EPPO 170). Report Number SXR/Am 013. Bayer AG, Leverkusen.

Schmuck, R. and R. Schoening. 1999. Residues of imidacloprid and imidacloprid metabolites in nectar, blossoms, pollen and honey bees sampled from a French summer rape field and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. SXR/Am 001. Bayer AG, Leverkussen, Germany.

Schmuck, R. and R. Schoening. 1999. Residues of imidacloprid and imidacloprid metabolites in nectar, blossoms, pollen and honey bees sampled from a summer rape field in Sweden and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. SXR/Am 002. Bayer AG, Leverkussen, Germany.

Schmuck, R. and R. Schoening. 1999. Residues of imidacloprid and imidacloprid metabolites in nectar, blossoms, pollen and honey bees sampled from a British summer rape field and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. SXR/Am 003. Bayer AG, Leverkussen, Germany.

Schmuck, R. and R. Schoening. 1999. Effects of imidacloprid residues in sunflower honey on the development of small bee colonies under field exposure conditions. SXR/Am 004. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.

Schmuck, R. and R. Schoening. 1999. Effects of imidacloprid residues in maize pollen on the development of small bee colonies under field exposure conditions. SXR/Am 005. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.

Schmuck, R. et al. 1999.   Residue levels of imidacloprid and imidacloprid metabolites in nectar, blossoms and pollen of sunflowers cultivated on soils with different imidacloprid residue levels and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. “Laacher Hof” SXR/AM 007. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.

Schmuck, R. et al. 1999.   Residue levels of imidacloprid and imidacloprid metabolites in nectar, blossoms and pollen of sunflowers cultivated on soils with different imidacloprid residue levels and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. “Hofchen” SXR/AM 007. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.

Schmuck, R. et al. 1999. Residue levels of imidacloprid and imidacloprid metabolites in nectar, blossoms and pollen of summer rape cultivated on soils with different imidacloprid residue levels and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. “Hofchen” SXR/AM 010. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.

Schmuck, R. et al. 1999. Residue levels of imidacloprid and imidacloprid metabolites in nectar, blossoms and pollen of summer rape cultivated on soils with different imidacloprid residue levels and effects of these residues on foraging honeybees. “Laacher Hof” SXR/AM 010. Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany.

Schuld, M. 2002. Field test: side effects of oil-seed rape grown from seeds dressed with imidacloprid and beta-cyfluthrin FS 500 on the honey bee (Apis mellifera L). 99398/01-BFEU. GAB Biotechnologie, Niefern-Oschelbronn, Germany.

Schur, A. 2001. Tunnel assessment of side effects of Confidor SL 200 on the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) in apple orchard following application before flowering (mouse-ear stage) of the crop. Study code: 20011099/01-BZEU. GAB Biotechnologie GmbH and IFU Umweltanalytik GmbH, Niefern-Oschelbronn, Germany.

Schulz, A. 2000.  Field trials with Gaucho in sunflowers – experiences from the region of Rheinhessen in 1999. MO-03-011595. Bienen und Chemie, Freund und Feind 81. Congress of German Beekeeper 2000 in Tramin, Sudtirol, pp. 19-25.

Stork, A. 1999. Residues of 14C-NTN 33893 (imidacloprid) in blossoms of sunflower after seed dressing. Report #MR-550/99. Bayer Crop-Science.

Szentes, C. 1999. Field test of Gaucho 350 FS seed-dressed sunflowers on honeybee colonies 3103/99. Ecotoxicological Laboratory, Facankert, Hungary.

Wallner, K. 1999. Tests regarding the danger of the seed disinfectant Gaucho for bees. MO-03-011452. University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.

Related Studies for Neonicotinoids and Bees

Barbendreier, D., N. Kalberer, J. Romeis, P. Fluri, F. Bigler. 2004. Pollen consumption in honey bee larvae: a step forward in the risk assessment of transgenic plants. Apidologie. 35:293-300.

Balderrama N.M., Almeida L.O., Núñez J.A. 1992. Metabolic rate during foraging in the honeybee.  J.Comp. Physiol. B 162: 440–447.

Becher, M. A., H. Hildenbrandt, C. K. Hemelrijk, and R. F. A. Moritz. 2010. Brood temperature, task division and colony survival in honeybees: A model. Ecological Modelling. 221:769‐776.

Besard L, V. Mommaerts, G. Abdu-Alla, G. Smagghe.  2011. Laboratory assessment of lethal and sublethal side-effects supports a more benign profile of spinetoram compared to spinosad in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris. Pest Manag Sci 67:541–547.

Bishop, G. 1961. Growth rates of honey bee larva. J. Exp. Zool. 146:11‐20.

Bonmarco, R. O. Lundin, H.G. Smith, M. Rundiof. 2012. Drastic historic shifts in bumble-bee community composition in Sweden. PRS. 279 (1727): 309-315. 

Brian, A. D. 1954. The foraging of bumble bees. Part I. Foraging behaviour, Bee World 35: 61–67.

Brittain, C. and S.G. Potts.  2011. The potential of insecticides on the life-history traits of bees and the consequences for pollination.  Basic Applied Ecol. 12(4): 321-331. 

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